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histogy > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

0
Q

This cell synthesizes organic components of the matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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1
Q

What are the cells of bone

A

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

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2
Q

Cells that are multinucleated, giant cells involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue

A

Osteoclasts

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3
Q

____________ is on the internal surface and the _______________ is on external surface both surround the bone cavity

A

Endosteum, Periosteum

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4
Q

A layer of new ( but not calcified) material called __________ between the osteoblast layer and the preexisting bone surface

A

Osteoid

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5
Q

A small, vitamin K- dependent polypeptide ________ which together with various glycoproteins binds Calcium ions and raises their concentration locally

A

Osteocalcin

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6
Q

These are rich Alkaline Phosphatase and other enzymes whose activity raises the local concentration of Phosphate ions

A

Matrix vesicles

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7
Q

____________ are enclosed singly within the lacunae that are regularly spaced throughout the mineralized matrix

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

In transition from osteoblasts to osteocytes the cells extend many long ___________ processes, which also become surrounded by calcifying matrix.

A

Dendritic

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9
Q

Osteoclasts lie within these enzymatic ally etched depressions or activities I the matrix known as______________ or ________________

A

Resorption cavities, Howship Lacunae

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10
Q

There are two polypeptides produced by osteoblasts : Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor or ___________ and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand called ___________

A

M-CSF, RANKL

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11
Q

Osteoblasts are activated by the _______________ hormone which slows Osteoblasts to release M-CSF and RANKL

A

Para-thyroid

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12
Q

A Bone specific multi adhesive glycoprotein

A

Osteonectin

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13
Q

Bundles of periosteal collagen fibers penetrate the bone matrix binding the periosteum to bone.

A

Perforating /Sharpey fibers

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14
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells found cellular layer in the inner region of the periosteum , has the potential to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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15
Q

Internally the very small_______ covers small trabeculae of bony matrix that project into the marrow cavities also contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and bone lining cells

A

Endosteum

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16
Q

Represents 80% of the total bone mass

A

Compact ( cortical) bone

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17
Q

Numerous interconnecting cavities , makes up about 20% of total bone mass

A

Cancellous ( trabecular or spongy) bone

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18
Q

The bulbous ends of long bones, are composed of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

A

Epiphyses

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19
Q

The cylindrical part which is almost totally composed of compact bone, with a thin region of spongy bone

A

Diaphysis

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20
Q

The flat bones that form the calvaria ( skullcap) have two layers of compact bone called

A

Plates

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21
Q

Plates are separated by a thicker layer of spongy bone called

A

Diploe

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22
Q

There are two types of organization on bone tissue

A

Lamellar and woven

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23
Q

Found In most adults, and is in compact or cancellous, characterized by multiple layers of this calcified matrix, 3-7 micrometers thick

A

Lamellar bone

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24
Q

Refers to the complex of concentric lamellae surrounding a small central canal that contains blood vessels, nerves, loose connective tissue, and endosteum

A

An Osteon

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25
Q

What is another name for an Osteon?

A

Haversian system

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26
Q

The outer boundary of each Osteon is a more collagen rich layer called the

A

Cement line

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27
Q

The central canals communicate with the marrow cavity and the periosteum and with through transverse

A

Perforating canals

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28
Q

What is another name for perforating canals

A

Volkmann canals

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29
Q

Irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamellae remained from osteons partially destroyed by osteoclasts during growth and remodeling of bone

A

Interstitial lamellae

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30
Q

Lamellae located around the marrow cavity

A

Inner circumferential

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31
Q

Lamellae that are located immediately beneath the periosteum

A

External circumferential lamellae

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32
Q

Is continuous throughout life and involves a process of bone resorption and bone formation

A

Bone remodeling

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33
Q

Is nonlamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair

A

Woven bone

34
Q

Another name for bone development

A

Osteogenesis

35
Q

I’m which osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid

A

Intramembranous ossification

36
Q

In which a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin osteoid production

A

Endochondral ossification

37
Q

Within the condensed layer of mesenchyme the starting points for bone formation are called

A

Ossification centers

38
Q

Begins as early as the first trimester

A

Primary Ossification Center

39
Q

Appear later at the epiphyses of cartilage model and develop in a similar manner

A

Secondary Ossification Center

40
Q

Within joints and usually persists through adult life and does not contribute to bone growth

A

Articular cartilage

41
Q

Specially organized cartilage which connects each epiphysis to the diaphysis, also responsible for the growth in length of the bone and disappears at adulthood

A

Epiphyseal cartilage or epiphyseal plate

42
Q

What are the 5 zones in bone growth

A

Resting, proliferative, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage, ossification

43
Q

What zone Consists of hyaline cartilage with typical chondrocytes

A

Resting zone

44
Q

Which zone do Chondrocytes begin to divide rapidly and form columns of stacked cells parallel to the long axis of the bone

A

Proliferate zone

45
Q

Which zone contains swollen degenerative chondrocytes whose cytoplasm has accumulated glycogen. This hyper trophy compresses the matrix into septa between the chondrocytes

A

Hypertrophic cartilage zone

46
Q

What zone does the loss chondrocytes by apoptosis is accompanied by calcification of the septa of cartilage matrix by the formation of hydroxyapatite

A

Calcified cartilage zone

47
Q

The zone where bone tissue first appears capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells originally from the periosteum invade the cavities left by the chondrocytes

A

Ossification zone

48
Q

From parathyroid glands acts in bone to raise low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb matrix and Calcium

A

PTH ( Para-Thyroid Hormone)

49
Q

Synthesized within the thyroid gland reduces of PTH in the bone. This hormone directly targets osteoclasts to slow matrix resorption and bone turnover

A

Calcitonin

50
Q

The places where bone meet, or articulate allow at least the potential for bending or movement I’m that portion of the skeleton

A

Joints

51
Q

Joints with very limited or no movement are classified as

A

Synarthroses

52
Q

Freely mobile joints

A

Diarthroses

53
Q

The lubricant filled in the joint cavity of Diarthroses

A

Synovial Fluid

54
Q

In Diarthroses this is the tough fibrous capsule that encloses the joint cavity

A

Articular capsule

55
Q

This specialized connective tissue that lines the capsule with folds extended into some areas of the joint cavity

A

Synovial membrane

56
Q

Remove wear and tear debris from synovial fluid

A

Macrophage like Synovial cells

57
Q

Produce hyaluronate that is moved in the synovial fluid with water from local capillaries forming the synovial that nourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage

A

Fibroblast-like Synovial cells

58
Q

Allow limited vertebral mobility and consist of large pads of fibrocartilage that cushion adjacent vertebrae

A

Intervertebral discs

59
Q

Part of the intervertebral joints has the external layer of dense connective tissue but is mainly composed of overlapping laminae of fibrocartilage in which collagen bundles are orthogonally arranged in adjacent layers

A

Annulus Fibrosus

60
Q

Situated in the center of the annulus Fibrosus and allows each disc to function as a shock absorber within the vertebral column

A

Nucleus Pulposus

61
Q

Are derived from blood monocytes and remove wear and tear debris from the synovial fluid

A

Macrophage-like Synovial cells ( Type A cells)

62
Q

Produces abundant hyaluronan and other extracellular components

A

Fibroblastic synovial cells ( type B cells)

63
Q

What are the histological features of woven bone ( newly calcified)

A

Irregular and random arrangement of cells and collagen; lightly calcified

64
Q

What are the histological features of Lamellar bone ( remodeled from woven bone)

A

Parallel bundles of collagen in thin layers with regularly spaced spaced cells between; heavily calcified

65
Q

What are the histological features of compact bone ( 80% of all lamellar bone)

A

Parallel lamellae or densely packed osteons, with interstitial lamellae

66
Q

What are the histological features of cancellous bone (~20% of all lamellar bone)

A

Interconnected thin spicules or trabeculae covered by endosteum

67
Q

What are the major locations of woven bone ( newly calcified)

A

Developing and growing bones; hard callus of bone fractures

68
Q

What are the major locations of lamellar bone

A

All normal regions of adult bone

69
Q

What are the major locations of compact bone

A

Thick, outer region ( beneath periosteum) of bones

70
Q

What are the major locations of cancellous bone ( inner region of bones, adjacent to marrow cavities)

A

inner region of bones, adjacent to marrow cavities

71
Q

What are the synonyms of woven bone

A

Immature bone; primary bone; bundle bone

72
Q

What are the synonyms of lamellar bone

A

Mature bone; secondary bone

73
Q

What are the synonyms of compact bone

A

Cortical bone

74
Q

What are the synonyms of cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone; trabecular bone; medullary bone

75
Q

A type of cancer that can develop in osteoprogenitor cells

A

Osteosarcoma

76
Q

The network of dendritic processes extending from osteocytes acts as a sensor detecting

A

Mechanical stress

77
Q

__________ of exercise or weightlessness experienced by astronauts leads to _____________________

A

Lack, decreased bone density

78
Q

A genetic disease which is characterized by dense, heavy bones( marble bones) the osteoclasts lack ruffled borders and bone resorption is defective, results in overgrowth and thickening of bones, with obliteration of marrow cavities, depressing blood cell formation and causes anemia and loss of white blood cells

A

Osteopetrosis

79
Q

Is a disease where there is an imbalance in the skeletal turnover so that bone resorption exceeds bone formation. Leads to calcium loss from bones and reduced bone mineral density ( BMD)

A

Osteoporosis

80
Q

A disease in which the bone matrix does not calcify normally and the epiphyseal plate can become distorted by the normal strains of body weight and muscular activity

A

Rickets

81
Q

Antibiotic _________ is a fluorescent molecule that binds newly deposited osteoid matrix during mineralization with high affinity and specifically labels new bone under the UV microscope

A

Tetracycline

82
Q

The tetracycline procedure involves a bone biopsy from patients who have taken tetracycline from ____ to_____ days the distance between the fluorescent lamellae is proportional to the rate of appositional growth

A

11, 14

83
Q

The tetracycline procedure is of diagnostic importance in such diseases as ____________ in which mineralization is impaired, and ___________ in which increased osteoclast activity results in removal of bone matrix and fibrous degeneration

A

Osteomalacia, Osteitis fibrosa cystica

histogy (10 decks)

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