Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histogy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Specialized cells involved in lipid storage

A

Fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Specialized cells involved in metabolite absorption

A

Cells lining the intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Specialized cells involved in intracellular digestion

A

Marcophages and neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Specialized cells involved in the synthesis and secretion of steroids

A

Certain cells of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins

A

Cells of the mucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The synthesis and secretion of degradative enzymes

A

Cells of the digestive glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials

A

Neurons and sensory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix

A

Fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Forum adhesive and tight junctions between cells

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Movement

A

Muscle and other contractile cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Movement of water through these multipass transmembrane proteins

A

Aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to the Connecticut energy of the substance no expenditure of cellular energies required continues until equilibrium is reached if on ( if unopposed)

A

Passive Processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Unassisted net movement of small nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane examples are (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body tissues)

A

Simple diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Movement of ions and small polar molecules down their concentration gradient assisted across a selectively permeable membrane by a transport protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Movement of an ion down its concentration gradient through a protein channel (an example Na+ moves through Na+ channels into the cell)

A

Channel-Mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Movement of small polar molecule down its concentration gradient by carrier protein (an example is transport of glucose into cells by a glucose carrier)

A

Carrier-Mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane direction is determined by relative salute concentrations continues until equilibrium is reached an example are solutes in the blood in systematic capillaries “pulls” fluid from interstitial space back into the blood

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Movement of substances requires expenditure of cellular energy

A

Active processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Transport of ions are small molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient buys transmembrane protein pumps

A

Active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Movement of substance up it’s concentration gradient power directly by ATP (an example on calcium pumps that transport calcium out of the cell; sodium/potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell)

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Movement of a substance up its concentration gradient is powered by harnessing the movement of a second substance( example sodium down its concentration gradient)

A

Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the same direction and sodium (an example is a sodium/ glucose transport)

A

Symport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction from sodium (an example is a sodium hydrogen transport)

A

Antiport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a cell are released from a cell

A

Vesicular Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bulk movement of a substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane (an example is release of a neurotransmitter by nerve cells)

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bulk movement of substances into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Type of endocytosis and which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the sale are engulfed by pseudopodia (an example are white blood cells engulfing a bacterium)

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Type of Endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstital fluid is taken up by the cell (an example is formation of small vesicles in the capillary wall to move substances)

A

Pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Type of Endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell ( an example is the uptake of cholesterol into cells)

A

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

29
Q

The signal molecules are carried in the blood to target cells

A

Endocrine signaling

30
Q

The chemical mediators are rapidly metabolized after release so that they act only on local cells very close to the source

A

Paracrine signaling

31
Q

A special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act only on adjacent cells act only on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses

A

Synaptic signaling

32
Q

Signals bind receptors on the same cell type that produced the messenger molecule

A

Autocrine signaling

33
Q

Important in early embryonic tissue interactions, signaling molecules such as proteins remain part of a cell membrane and bind surface receptors of the target cell when two cells make direct physical contact

A

Juxtacrine signaling

34
Q

Open upon ligand binding to allow ion transfer across the membrane

A

Channel-linked Receptors

35
Q

Ligand binding induces catalytic activity in associated peripheral proteins

A

Enzymatic receptors

36
Q

Ligand binding change an associated “ G Protein” that binds the guanine nucleotide GTP and is released to activate other cytoplasmic proteins

A

G-Protein-Coupled receptors

37
Q

The subunit of microtubules

A

Heterodimers of (alpha) & (beta) tubulin

38
Q

Microtubules are located …..

A

Radiating in the cytoplasm from concentration at centrosomes; axonemes

39
Q

The key functions of microtubules

A

Maintain cell’s shape and polarity; provide tracks for organelle and chromosome movement; move cilia and flagella

40
Q

Subunit of microfilaments

A

G-actin monomers

41
Q

General locations of microfilaments

A

Concentrated beneath cell membrane; in cell extensions like microvilli

42
Q

Key functions of microfilaments

A

Contract and move cells; change cell shape; cytokinesis; cytoplasmic transport and streaming

43
Q

Subunit of intermediate filaments

A

Antiparallel tetramers of 2 rod-like diners

44
Q

General location of microfilaments

A

Arrayed throughout cytoplasm; at desmosomes; inside nuclear envelope

45
Q

Key functions of intermediate filaments

A

Strengthen cell and tissue structure; maintain cell shape; maintain nuclear shape (lamins)

46
Q

The phospholipid lipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peripheral) and some carbohydrates (externally) forms a selectively permeable boundary of the cell. It acts as a physical barrier to enclose cell contents regulates material movement into and out of the cell establishes and maintains an electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane; functions in cell surface

A

Plasma membrane

47
Q

Short numerous membrane extensions supported by microtubules which occur on exposed membrane surfaces of some cells they move substances examples are (mucus and materials) over the cell surface

A

Cilia

48
Q

Long singular membrane extension supported by microtubules present on sperm cells it also propels Sperm cells

A

Flagellum

49
Q

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface supported by microfilaments increases membrane surface area for greater absorption

A

Microvilli

50
Q

Large structure enclosed within a double membrane contains chromatin, nucleolus and nucleoplasm houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing protein synthesis

A

Nucleus

51
Q

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents continuous with rough ER separates nucleus from cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

52
Q

Openings through the nuclear envelope allow passage of materials between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm including RNA protein ions and small water-soluble molecules

A

Nuclear Pores

53
Q

Large prominent structure within the nucleus functions in synthesis of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

54
Q

Contents of cells between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope responsible for many cellular processes

A

Cytoplasm

55
Q

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (ex. ions, proteins, carbs, and lipids) provide support for organelles serves as the viscous fluid medium through which diffusion occurs

A

Cytosol

56
Q

Membrane-bound and non membrane-bound structures carry out specific metabolic activities of the sale

A

Organelles

57
Q

extensive interconnected membrane network bed now very’s in shape (ex. Cisternae, tubules) ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes these proteins are secreted become components of the plasma membrane or serve as enzymes of Lysosomes

A

Rough ER

58
Q

Extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes synthesizes, transports, and stores lipids (ex. Steroids) metabolizes carbohydrates detoxifies drugs alcohol and poisons forms vesicles and peroxisomes

A

Smooth E.R.

59
Q

Series of several elongated flattened saclike membranous us structures modifies packages and sorts materials that arrive from the ER and transport vesicles forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes

A

Golgi Apparatus

60
Q

Spherical shaped membrane-bound sacs; contain various types of materials to be transported through the cell transports cellular material

A

Vesicles

61
Q

Spherical shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the Golgi apparatus contain digestive enzymes digest microbes or materials ( ex. ingested by the cell worn out cellular components, or the entire cell)

A

Lysosomes

62
Q

Smaller spherical shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission contain oxidative enzymes detoxifies specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taking into the cell engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to Acetyl COA

A

Peroxisomes

63
Q

Double membrane bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA (genes for producing mitochondrial proteins) synthesized most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules ( ex. glucose) in the presence of oxygen

A

Mitochondria

64
Q

Organelles composed of both protein and are are in a that are organized into both a large and small subunit maybe bound to a membrane are free and cytosol engage in protein synthesis once bound can produce proteins are secreted incorporated into plasma membrane and within lysosomes free produces proteins used within the cell

A

Ribosomes

65
Q

Organize network of protein filaments and hollowed tubules including microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules maintains intracellular structural support and organization of cells participates in cell division and facilitates movement

A

Cytoskeleton

66
Q

Actin protein monomers organized into two thin intertwined protein filaments (actin filaments) maintains shape support microvilli separate two cells during cytokinesis (a process of cell division) facilitate change in cell shape participate in muscle contraction

A

Microfilaments

67
Q

Various protein components that provide structural support stabilize junctions between cell

A

Intermediate filaments

68
Q

Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin protein maintain cell shape and rigidity organize and move organelles support cilia and flagella participate in vascular transport separate chromosomes during the process of cell division

A

Microtubules

69
Q

Amorphous region adjacent to the nucleus contains a pair of centrioles organizes microtubules participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division

A

Centrosome

70
Q

Large barrel shaped protein complexes located in both the cytosol and nucleus they degrade and digest Damaged or unneeded proteins ensure quality of exported proteins

A

Proteasomes

71
Q

Aggregates of specific types of molecules(ex. melanin protein glycogen or lipid) serve as temporary storage for these molecules

A

Inclusions

Histogy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions