Chapter 6 Flashcards
Adipocytes can be found in
Found isolated
In small groups
Within loose or irregular connective tissue
( aggregates is called fat)
Another name for fat cells
Adipocytes
The caloric density of ___________ is twice that of proteins ( 9.3 kcal/g) is twice that of proteins or carbohydrates
Most efficient form of nutrient storage
Triglycerides
Adipose cells where the triglycerides are stored in a single huge droplet of lipid that almost fills the entire cell
Unilocular
Have one very large droplet of whitish yellow fat in the it’s cytoplasm
White adipose tissue
Contains cells with multiple lipid droplets interspersed among abundant mitochondria which gives these cells a darker appearance
Brown adipose tissue
When unilocular adipocytes can generate benign tumors called
Lipomas
Malignant adipose tumors
Liposarcomas
Fetal lipomas of brown fat are sometimes called
Hibernomas
Are small particles of variable size, up to 1200 nm in diameter, formed in intestinal epithelial cells and transported in blood plasma and lymph
Chylomicrons
Hydrolyzed chylomicrons and VLDL at luminal surfaces of blood capillaries by this enzyme which is synthesized by the adipocyte and transferred to capillary cell membrane
Lipo-protein lipase
Breaks down triglycerides at the surface of the stored lipid droplets
Hormone sensitive lipase
Helps regulate the appetite under normal conditions and participates in regulating the formation of new adipose tissue
Leptin
Triglycerides are transported by blood and lymph from the intestine and liver in lipo-protein complexes known as
Chylomicrons and VLDL
Chylomicrons and VLDL complexes are partly broken down by __________ releasing free fatty acids and glycerol
Lipoprotein lipase
When cyclic AMP is stimulated, this activates ___________ to hydrolyze the stored triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol
Hormone-sensitive lipase
______ was discovered and is well studied in genetically obese mice
Leptin
In obese humans adipocytes produce adequate or excess quantities of ________ but target cells are not responsive due apparently to insufficient or defective receptors or post receptor signal transduction
Leptin
Increased ______ adipose tissue raises the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular
Visceral
Adipose tissue in ______,_________, and __________ resists even long periods of starvation
Palms, soles, and retro-orbital fat pads
Have the appearance of fibroblasts but accumulate lipid droplets in their cytoplasm
Pre adipocytes
Pro inflammatory factors released from visceral fat are being investigated for links of ___________ such as diabetes and heart disease
Inflammation-related disorders associated with obesity
________ is very often associated with age related metabolic changes and may involve reduced activity of the hormone-sensitive lipases of adipocytes causing less fat mobilization out of the cells
Adult-onset Obesity
Has many small lipid droplets abundant mitochondria, and vasculature all help mediate this tissue principal function of heat production
Multilocular
In brown fat hormone sensitive lipase doesn’t release fatty acids but are quickly metabolized with a consequent increase in oxygen consumption and heat production
Thermogenesis
A transmembrane protein that permits the back flow of protons previously transported to the the inter membranous space without passing through the ATP-Synthetase complexes
Thermogenin or uncoupling protein ( UCP-1)
