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histogy > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

0
Q

Also has crossed radiation and easy law is composed of elongated often branch cells bound to one another at structures called intercalated disks that are unique to this muscle. contraction is involuntary vigorous and rhythmic

A

Cardiac muscle

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1
Q

Contains bundles of very long multinucleated cells with cross striations their contraction is quick forceful and usually under voluntary control

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Consist of collections of fusiform cells that lack striations and have slow involuntary contractions

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

In all types of muscle contraction is caused by the sliding interaction of thick_________ filaments along thin ______ filaments

A

Myosin, Actin

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4
Q

The cytoplasm of the muscle

A

Sarcoplasm

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5
Q

The smooth ER in muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

The muscle cell membrane and its external Lamina

A

Sarcolemma

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7
Q

The variation in diameter of muscle fibers depends on factors such as the___________,____________,_______,_______, and __________

A

Specific muscle, age, gender, nutritional status, and physical training

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8
Q

Increased cell volume is called

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

Increase in number of cells is called

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

Have a small population and remains adjacent to most fibers of differentiated skeletal muscle

A

Satellite cells

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11
Q

An external sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle septa of this tissue extend inward carrying larger nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics of the muscle

A

Epimysium

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12
Q

A thin connective layer that immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers ( fascicles) Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics penetrate this layer to supply each fascicle

A

Perimysium

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13
Q

Surrounds the external lamina of individual muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

Transitional regions where collagen fibers from the tendon insert themselves among muscle fibers and associate directly with complex Infoldings of sarcolemma

A

Myotendinous junctions

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15
Q

Dark bands where both actin and myosin are both present

A

A Bands

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16
Q

Light bands were actin filaments are present are bisected by the z disc

A

I bands

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17
Q

The repetitive functional subunit of the contractile apparatus

A

Sarcomere

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18
Q

Long cylindrical filament bundles , runs parallel to the long axis of the fiber

A

Myofibrils

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle mesenchymal cells

A

Myoblasts

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20
Q

When myoblasts Fuse to make multi-nucleated tubes

A

Myotubes

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21
Q

When myoblasts do not fuse and differentiate but remain a group of mesenchymal cells located on the external surface of muscle fibers inside developing external Lamina they proliferate and produce new muscle fibers following muscle injury

A

Satellite cells

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22
Q

Filaments or 1.6 µm long and 15 nm wide. It is a Marge complex with two identical heavy chains and two pairs of light chains heavy chains are thin rodlike motor proteins twisted together as tails

A

Myosin

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23
Q

Thin helical filaments which are one micrometer long 8 nm wide and run between the thick filaments contains a binding site for myosin

A

Actin

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24
Q

Acting filaments are anchored perpendicularly it on the Z disc by the actin binding protein

A

a-actin

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25
Q

A 40 nm long coil of two polypeptide chains located in the groove between the two twisted acting strands

A

Tropomyosin

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26
Q

This regulatory protein has three subunits ( TnT, TnC, TnI)

A

Tropnin

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27
Q

TnT of tropnin

A

Attaches to tropomyosin

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28
Q

TnC of Tropnin

A

Binds to Calcium

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29
Q

TnI in Tropnin

A

Regulates the actin-myosin interaction

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30
Q

The largest protein in the body with scaffolding and elastic properties which supports the thick myofilaments and connects them to the Z disc

A

Titin

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31
Q

A very large accessory protein binds eats then myofilaments latterly helps anchor them to Alpha Actin and specifies the links of the actin polymers During myogensis

A

Nebulin

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32
Q

Located in the M line

Holds thick filaments in place and is also a myosin binding protein

A

Myomesin

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33
Q

This enzyme catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups from phosphocreatine a storage form of high-energy phosphate groups to ADP helping to supply ATP for muscle contraction

A

Creatine kinase

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34
Q

Is specialized for calcium Sequestration

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

______________ of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane which causes release of calcium is initiated at specialized motor nerve synapses on the sarcolemma

A

Depolarization

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36
Q

Long fingerlike invagination’s of the cell membrane penetrate deeply into the sarcoplasm and encircle every myofibril near the aligned A and I and boundaries of sarcomeres

A

Transverse or T tubules

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37
Q

Adjacent to each side of every T tubule are expanded

A

Terminal cisterns

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38
Q

The complex of a T tubule with 2 associated small cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side is known as

A

A Triad

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39
Q

When each axonal branch forms a dilated termination situated within a trough on the muscle cell surface

A

Motor end plate ( neuromuscular Junction)

40
Q

What removes excess neurotransmitter ?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

41
Q

A single axon and all the muscle fibers in contact with its branches make up a

A

Motor unit

42
Q

Fibers of skeletal muscle are

A

Single multinucleate cells

43
Q

Cell and fiber shape and size of skeletal muscle

A

Cylindrical 10 to 100 µm in diameter many centimeters long

44
Q

Are there striations and skeletal muscle

A

Yes

45
Q

Location of nuclei in skeletal muscle

A

Peripheral adjacent to sarcolemma

46
Q

T tubules of skeletal muscle are located

A

Center of triads at A –I junctions

47
Q

The sarcoplasm reticulum of skeletal muscle is

A

Will develops with two terminal cisterns per sarcomere and triads with T-tubule

48
Q

Special structural features of skeletal muscle

A

Very well organized sarcomeres use SR, and tranverse tubule system

49
Q

Control of contraction in skeletal muscle

A

troponin C binds calcium moving tropomyosin and exposing actin for myosin binding

50
Q

Connective tissue organization for skeletal muscle

A

Endomysium Perimysium and epimysium

51
Q

Major locations of skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle tongue diaphragm eyes and upper esophagus

52
Q

Key function of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary Movement

53
Q

Efferent innervation of skeletal muscle

A

Motor

54
Q

Contractions in skeletal muscle

A

All-or-none triggered at motor in plates

55
Q

Cell response to increased workload in skeletal muscle

A

Hypertrophy

56
Q

Capacity for generation in skeletal muscle

A

Limited involving satellite cells mainlyp

57
Q

In cardiac muscles fibers are

A

Aligned cells and branching arrangement

58
Q

This cell and fiber shape and size of cardiac muscle

A

Cylindrical, 10-20 micrometers in diameter, 50-100 micrometers long

59
Q

Are there striations in cardiac muscle

A

Yes

60
Q

Location of nuclei in cardiac muscle

A

Central

61
Q

T tubules in cardiac muscle

A

In do ads at Z discs

62
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle

A

Less well developed one small terminal cistern per sarcomere in Diad with T tubule

63
Q

Special structural features of cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs joining cell, with many adherent and gap junctions

64
Q

Control of contraction in cardiac muscle

A

Troponin C binds Calcium, moving tropomyosin and exposing actin for myosin binding

65
Q

Connective tissue organization of cardiac muscle

A

Endomysium, subendocardial, and supericardial CT layers

66
Q

Major locations of cardiac muscle

A

Heart

67
Q

Key function of cardiac muscle

A

Automatic ( involuntary) pumping of blood

68
Q

Contractions of Cardiac muscle

A

All-or-none, intrinsic ( beginning at nodes of conducting fibers)

69
Q

Cell response to increased workload in cardiac muscle

A

Hypertrophy

70
Q

Capacity to regeneration in cardiac muscle

A

Very poor

71
Q

Fibers of smooth muscle are

A

Single small closely packed fusiform cells

72
Q

Cell and fiber shape and size of smooth muscle are

A

Fusiform diameter .2 to 10 µm length 50- 200 µm

73
Q

Striations in smooth muscle?

A

Absent

74
Q

Location of nuclei in smooth muscle

A

Central, say widest part of cell

75
Q

T tubules of smooth muscle

A

Absent; caveolae may be functionally similar

76
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle

A

Irregular smooth ER without distinctive organization

77
Q

Special structural features in smooth muscle

A

Gap junctions, caveolae, dense bodies

78
Q

Control of contraction in smooth muscle

A

Actin-Myosin binding occurs with myosin phosphorylation by MLCK triggered when calmodulin binds calcium

79
Q

Connective tissue organization in smooth muscle

A

Endomysium and less organized CT sheaths

80
Q

Major locations in smooth muscle

A

Blood vessels, digestive and respiratory tracts, uterus, bladder, and other organs

81
Q

Key functions in smooth muscle

A

Involuntary movements

82
Q

Efferent innervation in smooth muscle is

A

Autonomic

83
Q

Contractions in Smooth muscle

A

Partial, slow, often spontaneous, wavelike and rhythmic

84
Q

Cell response to increased load in smooth muscle

A

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia ( increase in cell/ fiber numbers)

85
Q

Capacity for regeneration in smooth muscle

A

Good, involving mitotic activity of muscle cells

86
Q

Slow oxidative fibers (type one) are ________in mitochondria and capillaries

A

Numerous

87
Q

Repair and regeneration can occur in __________muscle because of a population of reserve muscle ______________cells that can proliferate use inform you must of fibers

A

Skeletal ,Satellite

88
Q

Cardiac muscle Lacks_____________ cells and has little capacity for regeneration

A

Satellite

89
Q

Regeneration is rapid in _________muscle because the cells \fibers are small and relatively less differentiated which allow renewed __________ activity after injury

A

Smooth, mitotic

90
Q

Benign tumors called ______, commonly develop from smooth muscle fibers but are seldom problematic they most frequently occurring the wall the users with them, commonly called ________ where they can become sick sufficiently large to produce painful pressure and unexpected bleeding

A

Leiomyomas, fibroids

91
Q

The most common injuries sustained by cardiac muscle is that due to _______ or tissue damage due to lack of oxygen when coronary arteries are occluded by heart disease

A

Ischemia

92
Q

Research on the possibility possibility of the mammalian ______ _______ _______Builds on work with animal models focusing primarily on the potential for mesenchymal stem cells to form new site specific muscle

A

Heart muscle regeneration

93
Q

__________is a large actin binding protein located just inside the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers which is involved in the functional organization of myofibrils

A

Dystrophin

94
Q

Research on _________ revealed that mutations of the dystrophin gene can lead to defective linkage linkages between the cytoskeleton and the ECM muscle contractions Can disrupt these weak link linkages causing the Atrophy of muscle fibers typical of this disease

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

95
Q

______________ is a autoimmune disorder that involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors

A

Myasthenia Gravis

96
Q

Increase in cell volume

A

Hypertrophy

97
Q

Increase in the number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

histogy (10 decks)

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