Chapter 8 Flashcards
Digestive System
1
Q
digestive system
A
consists primarily of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs
2
Q
upper gi tract
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach, transports food from entry until digestion
3
Q
lower gi tract
A
bowel; small and large intestines, rectum and anus, digestion is complete and waste material is prepared for expulsion
4
Q
accessory organs
A
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
5
Q
oral cavity
A
mouth; lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and periodontium
6
Q
lips
A
labia; surround opening to oral cavity, hold food in, role in breathing, speaking and expressing emotions
7
Q
palate
A
forms roof of mouth, 3 parts
8
Q
hard palate
A
anterior portion, covered with specialized mucous membrane
9
Q
soft palate
A
flexible posterior portion, closes off nasal passage during swallowing
10
Q
uvula
A
hands from free edge of soft palate, moves upward with soft palate during swallowing, role in snoring and formation of speech sounds
11
Q
tongue
A
very strong, flexible and muscular, important for shewing, swallowing and speaking
12
Q
dorsum
A
upper surface of tongue, has tough protective covering, has papillae (taste buds)
13
Q
sublingual surface
A
part of tongue and tissues under are covered with delicate, highly vascular tissue
14
Q
lingual frenum
A
band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
15
Q
periodontium
A
describes the structures that surrounds, support and are attached to the teeth, dental arches and soft tissue
16
Q
gingiva
A
masticatory muscosa, gums; specialized mucous membrane that covers bone of dental arches and surrounds neck of teeth
17
Q
sulcus
A
area of space between tooth and surrounding gingiva
18
Q
dental arches
A
bony structures of oral cavity, hold teeth to facilitate chewing and speaking
19
Q
maxillary arch
A
upper jaw
20
Q
mandibular arch
A
lower jaw
21
Q
temporomandibular joint
A
TMJ; where maxillary and mandibular arches come together
22
Q
dentition
A
natural teeth arranged into upper and lower jaws
23
Q
incisors and canines (cuspids)
A
used for biting and tearing
24
Q
premolars (bicuspids) and molars
A
used for chewing and grinding
25
primary dentition
baby teeth; 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars
26
permanent dentition
8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars
27
third molars
wisdom teeth; last to erupt
28
occlusion
nay contact between shewing surfaces of upper and lower teeth
29
esophagus
muscular tube through which ingested food passes from pharynx to stomach
30
lower esophageal sphincter
cardiac sphincter; muscular ring between esophagus and stomach
31
regurgitation
flowing backward
32
stomach
sac-like organ composed of fungus, body and antrum
33
rugae
folds in muscosa lining of stomach, allows stomach to increase and decrease in size
34
gastric juices
made of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, beginning of food digestion
35
pyloric sphincter
ring-like muscle at bast of stomach that controls flow of partially digested food from stomach to duodenum of small intestine
36
pylorus
narrow passage that connects stomach with small intestine
37
small intesting
extends from pyloric sphincter to first part of large intestine, 20 ft long, 3 sections
38
amylase
in saliva, first step in chemical digestion
39
salivary glands
3 pairs, secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into mouth
40
duodenum
first portion of small intestine, pylorus to jejunum
41
jejunum
middle portion of small intestine, from duodenum to ileum, secrete digestive enzymes
42
ileum
last and longest portion of small intestine, from jejunum to cecum, absorbs nutrients
43
pharynx
passageway for both respiration and digestion, plasticity role in swallowing
44
epiglottis
side-like structure that closes off entrance to trachea
45
large intestine
end of small intestine to anus, 2x width but 1/4 length of small intestine, waste products of digestion are processed for excretion, 4 parts
46
cecum
punch that lies of right side of abdomen, extends from end of ileum to colon
47
ileocecal sphincter
ring-like structure that controls flow from ileum to cecum
48
vermiform appendix
appendix; hands from lower portion of cecum
49
vermiform
worm-like shape
50
colon
longest portion of large intestine, 4 parts
51
ascending colon
travels up from cecum to undersurface of liver
52
transverse colon
passes horizontally across abdominal cavity to sigmoid colon
53
sigmoid colon
s-shaped structure that continues from descending colon above and joins rectum below
54
rectum
widest division of large intestine, last 4 inches, ends at anus
55
anus
lower opening of digestive tract, flow through controlled by internal and external anal sphincter
56
anorectal
refers to anus and rectum as a single unit
57
liver
largest organ, remove toxins from blood and turning food into fuel and nutrients
58
hepatic
pertains to liver
59
bile
aids in digestion of fats, secreted by liver, travels from liver to gallbladder
60
bilirubin
pigment formed in liver by breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile
61
gallbladder
pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg, located under the liver, stores and concentrates bile for later use
62
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
63
pancreas
sof, 6 inch-long, oblong gland located behind stomach, produces and secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion and contain defective enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
64
pancreatic
pertaining to pancreas
65
pancreatic duct
pancreatic juices leave through, joins common bile duct
66
difestion
prices by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients
67
digestive enzyme
responsible for chemical changes that break food down into simpler forms of nutrients
68
nutrient
substance, usually form food, that is necessary for body to function
69
macronutrient
provide body with calories ex. carbohydrates, fats and proteins
70
micronutrients
vitamines and minerals
71
metabolism
all of the processes involved in body's use of nutrients
72
anabolism
building up of body cells or substance from nutrients
73
catabolism
breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
74
absorption
process by which completely digested nutrient are transported directly from the digestive system
75
villi
finger-like projections that line the small intestine, absorb nutrients directly from digestive system
76
mastication
chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva and prepares it to be swallowed
77
bolus
mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
78
peristalsis
series of wave-like contractions of smooth muscles in a single direction that move food into digestive system
79
chyme
semifluid mass of partially digested food that passes out of stomach, through pyloric sphincter and into small intestine
80
emulsification
shame mixed with pancreatic juices and bile, bile breaks apart large fat globules so enzymes in pancreatic juices can digest the fat
81
feces
solid body waste, stool; expelled through rectum and anus
82
defication
bowel movement; evacuation or emptying of large intestine
83
gut microbiota
billions of bacteria present in large intestines, protect against infection and help maintain immune system
84
borborygmus
rumpling noise caused by movement of gas in intestine
85
flatulence
passage of gas (flatus) out of body through rectum
86
bariatrics
branch of medicine concerned with prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases
87
presthodentist
dentist who specializes in restoration and replacement of teeth
88
gastroenterologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
89
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
specializes in surgery of face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases and repair injuries
90
orthodontist
prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
91
proctologist
physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum and anus
92
periodontist
dental specialist who prevents of treats disorder of the tissues surround the teeth
93
registered dietitian, registered dietitian nutritionist
specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
94
canker sores
aphthous ulcers; gray-white pit with a red border in the soft tissues lining mouth
95
cheilitis
cheilosis; inflammation of lips characterized by crack-like sores at corners of the mouth
96
cold sores
herpes labialis, fever blisters; blister-like sores on lips and adjacent facial tissue caused by oral herpes simplex virus type 1
97
leukoplakia
an abnormal white, usually benign lesion that develops on tongue or inside of the cheek
98
stomatitis
an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
99
oral thrush
fungal infection of the mouth caused by Candida albicans, creamy white lesions on tongue or inner sheck
100
trimus
lockjaw; any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery or radiation
101
xerostomia
dry mouth; lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by salivary gland
102
cleft lip
birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to nose, development failure
103
cleft palate
failure of palate to close during early development of fetus, involves upper lip, hard palate and/or soft palate, difficulty speaking and eating
104
bruxism
involuntary grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep, due to tension or stress, wears away tooth, damages periodontal tissues and injures TMJ
105
dental carries
tooth decay, cavity; infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroys enamel and dentin
106
dental plaque
cause of dental carries and periodontal diseases, forms as soft deposits ins sheltered areas near gums and between teeth, consists of bacteria and material by-products
107
edentulous
without teeth
108
halitosis
bad breath; caused by dental disease or respiratory or digestive disorders
109
malocclusion
any deviation from normal positioning of upper teeth against lower teeth
110
periodontal disease
periodontitis; inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
111
dental calculus
tartar; dental plaque that has been calcified on the teeth, irritate surrounding tissues and cause increasingly serious periodontal diseases
112
gum recession
thinking of gingival tissue
113
gingivitis
earliest stage of periodontal disease, inflammation of gums
114
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivits
trench mouth; caused by abnormal growth of bacteria in mouth, leads to inflammation, bleeding, deep ulcerations and death of gum tissue
115
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
116
eosinophilic esophagitis
chronic immune system disease in which eosinophil (a type of wbc) builds up in esophagus, usually rest to allergy to certain foods
117
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GERD; upward flow of acid from stomach into esophagus
118
hiatal hernia
anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into chest through a hole in the diaphragm
119
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach causing nausea and vomiting
120
gastroenteritis
inflammation of mucous membrane lining stomach and intestines
121
gastroparesis
condition in which gastric mobility slows down causing delayed gastric emptying
122
peptic ulcer disease
characterized by sores that affect mucous membranes of the digestive system, caused by bacterium Helicubaeter pylori or medications
123
gastric ulcers
peptic ulcers in the stomach
124
duodenal ulcers
peptic ulcers in upper part of small intestine
125
perforated ulcers
complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through entire thickness of the organ wall
126
anorexia
loss of appetite for food
127
cachexia
condition of physical wasting away due to loss of weight and muscle mass
128
dehydration
fluid loss exceeds fluid intake
129
failure to thrive
when infants or children do not grow as expected
130
malabsorption
condition in which small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food
131
malnutrition
lack of proper food or nutrient in body due to chordate of food, poor eating habits or malabsorption
132
overweight and obesity
weight classifications based on BMI that are higher than health weight for someone based on height, gender and age
133
body mass index
ratio of weight in kilograms divided by height in meter squared; underweight (18.5-20), normal (20-25), overweight (25-30), obese (>30)
134
severe obesity
conditions having a BMI value greater than 40
135
comorbidity
presence of more than one disease or health condition at a given time
136
aerophagia
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking
137
dyspepsia
indigestion; pain or discomfort during digestion process
138
functional dyspepsia
indigestion with no known cause
139
emesis
vomiting
140
eructation
act of belching or raising gas orally from stomach
141
hematemesis
vomiting of coagulated blood
142
hyperemesis
extreme, persistent comptine that can cause dehydration ex. morning sickness
143
nausea
urget to vomit
144
regurgitation
return of wallow food into mouth
145
celiac disease
autoimmune disorder characterized by severe reaction to ingesting gluten, damages villi
146
gluten intolerance
non-celiac gluten sensitivity; response to gluten involving digestive distress
147
lactose intolerance
inability to digest dairy products due to absence of lactase enzyme
148
small intestine bacterial growth
can cause gi upset ex. gas bloating diarrhea constipation nausea
149
colorectal carcinoma
colon cancer; manifests in polyps in colon
150
polyp
mushroom-like growth from surface of mucous membrane
151
diverticulosis
chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula (sacs) formed in weak spots of colon wall
152
diverticulum
small pouch, or sac, found in lining or wall of a tubular organ
153
diverticulitis
inflammation of infection of one or more diverticulum, sudden abdominal pain, cramping and nausea
154
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine caused by ingesting substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens, caused diarrhea
155
ischemic colitis
occurs when part of large intestine is partially or completely deprives of blood
156
ileus
paralytic ileum; partial or complete blockage of small or large intestine, stomps normal peristalsis which causes severe pain, cramping, abdominal pain, vomiting and inability to pass gas or stool
157
postoperative ileus
temporary impairment of bowel action normal in response to abdominal surgery
158
irritable bowel syndrome
common condition of unknown causes with symptoms of intermittent cramping and abdominal pain with constipation or diarrhea
159
inflammatory bowel disease
general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in intestines ex. ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
160
ulcerative colitis
chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in rectum and large intestine caused ulcers and irritation, starts in rectum into colon
161
Crohn's disease
chronic autoimmune disorder, can occur anywhere in digestive trace, most common in ileum and colon, affects every layer of tissue
162
intestinal obstruction
partial or complete blockage of small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction
163
bezoar
ingestion and buildup of indigestible materials
164
intestinal adhesions
abnormally hold together pates of intestine that should be separated
165
strangulation obstruction
blood flow to segment is blocked, can lead to gangrene or perforation
166
volvulus
twisting intestine on itself causing an obstruction
167
inguinal hernia
protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in lower abdomen wall or groin
168
strangulated hernia
own portion of intestine is constricted in hernia causing ischemia in tissue by cutting of blood supply
169
clostridium difficile
C. diff; common bacterial injections, typically following use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria, leads to diarrhea, and colon inflammation
170
dysentery
bacterial infection caused by food or water contaminated by human feces
171
E. coli
caused by escherichia coli, through contaminated food that have not been adequately cooked
172
salmonellosis
salmonella; transmitted by feces
173
anal fissure
small, crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that causes pain during bowel movements
174
fecal incontinence
inability to control excretion of feces
175
constipation
defined as having a bowel movement fewer than 3 times a week, caused by lack of fiber, disease, medication and pelvis floor dysfunction
176
pelvic floor dysfunction
lack of coordination of muscles needs fro rectum to straighten and anal sphincter to relax
177
diarrhea
abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stool
178
hemorrhoids
when cluster of veins, muscles and tissues slip near or through anal opening
179
rectocele
bulging of front was of rectum into vagina, usually result of childbirth or pregnancy
180
hematochezia
presence of bright red blood in stool
181
melena
passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stool, presence of digested blood indicates bleeding in upper gi tract
182
steatorrhea
presence of excess fat ins too, frothy, foul-smelling stoop, pancreatic disease, removal of gallbladder or malabsorption disorders
183
ascites
abnormal accumulation of sous fluid in peritoneal vanity, result of severe liver disease creating pressure on liver blood vessels
184
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
185
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane and eyes, excess amount of bilirebin in blood
186
hepatitis
an inflammation of the liver usually caused by viral infection
187
hepatitis A virus
most common, high ly contagious, transmitted through food and water infected with fecal matter
188
hepatitis B virus
blood borne disease transmitted through contract with contaminated blood and other bodily fluids
189
hepatitis C virus
blood borne disease transmitted through contract with contaminated blood and other bodily fluids, present as silent infection, can be present in body for years and destroy liver before any symptoms appear
190
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of liver characterized by scarring, alcohol abuse, hep B or C
191
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
describes accumulation of fat inlayer not associated with alcohol consumption
192
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
more serious form, consisted of fatty accumulations and liver-damaging inflammation
193
cholangitis
acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in right upper quadrant of abdomen, fever and jaundice
194
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder usually associated with gallstones blocking flow of bile
195
gallstone
cholelith; hard deposit formed in gallbladder and bile duct due to concretion of bile components
195
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts
196
biliary colic
pain caused by passage of gallstones through bile duct
197
abdominal computed tomography
radiographic procure that uses x-rays to produce detailed cross sections of tissue structure within the abdomen
198
abdominal ultrasound
noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves
199
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with use of contrast medium, to identify obstructions
200
enema
placement of a solution into rectum and colon to empty lower intestine through bowel activity
201
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
endoscopic procedure ether tallows direct visualization of the upper gi tract
202
upper gi series and lower gi series
radiographic studies to examine digestive system, contract medium is required, barium swallow for upper, barium enema for lower
203
stool test
use feces to examine for content and characteristics, can help diagnose diseases or malabsorption
204
breath test
used to diagnose certain intestinal disorders, named for gas being testing ex. hydrogen breath test for lactose intolerance
205
endoscope
instrument used for endoscopy
206
endoscopy
visual examination of internal structures
207
amoscopy
visual examination of anal canal and lower rectum
208
capsule endoscopy
use of tiny camera in capsule that is swallowed, transmits images as passes through small intestine
209
colonoscopy
direct visual examination of inner surface of entire colon from rectum to cecum using colonoscope
210
virtual colonoscopy
small, flexible tube inserted in rectum and MRI or CT machine used to create two and three-dimensional images of colon
211
sigmoidoscopy
endoscopic examination of interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon and possibly portion of descending colon
212
hemoccult test
fecal occult blood test; lab test for hidden blood in stool
213
cologuard
noninvasive, collect-at-home stool test that uses DNA testing and screening for hidden blood to determine potential presence of colorectal cancer
214
dental prophylaxis
professional examination, cleaning and polishing of the teeth and gums to remove plaque and tartar
215
filling
restoration of a decaying tooth by removing damaged area and replacing it with material to fill it such as amalgam from metal or composite from resin to match tooth
216
orthodontics
treatment of alignment and malocclusion of teeth and jaw
217
dental implant
anchoring of a crown, beige or denture to bone of jaw
218
bridge
fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to adjacent teeth
219
crown
metal or porcelain allow cap shaped like a tooth cemented over a damaged tooth structure
220
denture
plate holding on or more replacement teeth
221
occlusal splint
specially designed mouth guard worn at night to prevent grinding
222
scaling and root plaining
removal of plaque and tartar below gum line for treatment of gum disease
223
root canal
procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in root canal is removed in order to save tooth
224
gingivectomy
surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
225
maxillofacial surgery
specialized surgery of face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases and repair injuries
226
palatoplasty
surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used for repair of a cleft lip
227
antioxidants
chemical such as vitamin A, C and E, carotene and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking anti its of potentially harmful chemicals
228
probiotics
living microorganism, "good" bacteria, aid in digestion and protection body from harmful bacteria
229
prebiotics
non-digestible carbohydrates that probiotics food on
230
antacids
neutralize the acids in the stomach, relieve discomfort from pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
231
proton pump inhibitor
block action of enzyme in wall of stomach that produces acid, treat GERD
232
antiemetic
medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
233
laxatives
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
234
bulk-forming laxative
treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water and remain soft ex. bran
235
antimotility agents
over-the-counter medications that reduce diarrhea symptoms by slowing digestion
236
intravenous fluids
administered to combat effects of dehydration
237
oral rehydration therapy
treatment in which solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration that can accompany diarrhea
238
enteral nutrition
feeding using digestive system either through eating and drinking by mouth or via feeding tube
239
tube feeding
nay be given bolus, large amount in short period of time, or continuous
240
mesogastric intubation
placement of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach, temporary
241
gastrostomy tube
G-tube; surgically placed feeding tube from exterior of body on abdomen directly into stomach, long term
242
jejunostomy tube
placed from abdomen into small intestine
243
parenteral nutrition
total parenteral nutrition; administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through the digestive system
244
bariatric surgery
performed to treat severe obesity by restricting amounts of foo that can enter the stomach
245
gastric bypass surgery
roux-en-y gastric bypass; makes stomach smaller by stapling a section to create a small pouch, causes food to bypass first parts of the small intestine
246
lap-band/adjustable gastric banding
involves placing an inflatable and around exterior of stomach to restrict amount of food that can enter
247
sleeve gastrectomy
stomach is sutured to make it a small tube, reduces capacity by 75%
248
colectomy
surgical removal of all or part of colon
249
diverticulectomy
surgical removal of a diverticulum
250
gastroduodenostomy
establishment of an anastomosis between upper portion of stomach and duodenum
251
anastomosis
surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures
252
ileectomy
surgical removal of the iluem
253
fecal microbiota transplant
fecal transplant therapy; transplant of stool from healthy donor to restore gut bacteria
254
ostomy
surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface
255
ileostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
256
colostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and body surface, segment of intestine below ostomy is usually removed
257
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
258
rubber band ligation
uses rubber bands to cut off circulation at base of an internal hemorrhoid, cause it to eventually fall off
259
hepatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the liver
260
liver transplant
partial ivermectin transplant is adequate because live tissue regenerates
261
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
262
open cholecystectomy
performed through incision in right side of upper abdomen
263
