Chapter 7 Flashcards
respiratory system
1
Q
respiratory system
A
delivers air to lungs, convey oxygen from inhaled air to blood for delivery to body cells, expel waste products returned to lungs by blood, produce airflow through larynx that makes speech possible
2
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
3
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
bronchial tree and lungs, located within and protected by thoracic cavity
4
Q
nose
A
air enters body through and passes through nasal cavity
5
Q
nostrils
A
external openings of nose
6
Q
nasal cavity
A
interior portion of nose
7
Q
nasal septum
A
wall of cartilage that divides nose into tow equal sections
8
Q
septum
A
wall that separates two chambers
9
Q
cilia
A
thin hair located just inside nostrils, filters incoming air to remove debris
10
Q
mucous membrane
A
line the nose
11
Q
mucus
A
slippery secretion produced by mucous membrane that protects and lubricates tissues; moisten, warm and filter incoming air
12
Q
olfactory receptors
A
nerve endings that act as receptors for the sense of smell, also important for taste
13
Q
tonsils
A
palatine tonsils; back of mouth, part of lymphatic system, protects body from infection
14
Q
adenoids
A
nasopharyngeal tonsils; behind nose and roof of mouth
15
Q
paranasal sinuses
A
air-filled, mucous membrane lines cavities in bones of skull, make bones lighter, help produce sound by giving resonance to voice and produce mucus to provide lubrication for tissues of nasal cavity
16
Q
para-
A
near
17
Q
nas/o
A
nose
18
Q
frontal sinuses
A
in frontal bone just above eyebrows, infection here causes pain
19
Q
sphenoid sinuses
A
in sphenoid bone behind eye and under pituitary gland, infection here can cause vision damage
20
Q
maxillary sinuses
A
largest of paranasal; in maxillary bones under eyes, infection here causes pain in posterior maxillary teeth
21
Q
ethmoid sinuses
A
in ethmoid bones between nose and eyes, irregular shaped air cells that are separated from orbital cavity by only a thin layer of bone
22
Q
pharynx
A
throat; receives air after it passes through nose or mouth
23
Q
nasopharynx
A
posterior to nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth, only respiratory system
24
Q
oropharynx
A
visible when looking into mouth, shared by respiratory and defective systems, carries air, food and fluid
25
laryngopharynx
shared by respiratory and digestive, air/food/fluids go downward to opening of esophagus and trachea where air enters trachea and food and fluids flow into esophagus
26
-pharynx
throat
27
or/o
mouth
28
laryng/o
larynx
29
larynx
voice box; triangular chamber between pharynx and trachea
30
thyroid cartilage
adam's apple; protects and supports larynx
31
vocal cords
in larynx; separate during breathing to let air pass, close during speech and sound is produced as cords vibrate
32
soft palate
muscular posterior portion of roof of mouth; moves up and backward during swallowing to close nasopharynx
33
epiglottis
lid-like structure at base of tongue; swings downward and closes off laryngopharynx, prevents food entering trachea
34
trachea
windpipe; transports air to and form lungs, located directly in front of esophagus, held open by flexible C-shaped cartilage rings that allow trachea to compress so food can pass down esophagus
35
bronchi
primary bronchi, bronchial tree; two large tubes that brach out from trachea and convey air into lungs
36
bronchioles
within lungs, primary bronchus divides and subdivides into smaller bronchioles, smallest branches of bronshi
37
aveoli
air sacs; small, grape like clusters at ends of each bronchiole, where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs; microscopic pulmonary capillaries surround, produces surfactant which reduces surface tension of fluid in lungs, makes alveoli more stable so don't collapse when exhaling
38
pulmonary
relating to or affecting the lungs
39
lungs
essential organs of respiration, divided into lobes
40
lobe
subdivision or port of an organ
41
right lung
larger, 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower)
42
left lung
2 lobes (upper and lower) due to space restrictions due to heart being on that side of the body
43
mediastinum
middle section of chest cavity, located between lungs, contains connective tissue and organs, including heart and its veins and arteries, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland and lymph nodes
44
pleura
thin, moist and slippery membrane that covers outer surface of lungs and lines inner surface of thoracic cavity
45
parietal pleura
outer layer, lines walls of thoracic cavity, covers diaphragm and forms sacs containing lungs, attached to chest wall
46
visceral pleura
inner layer, covers each lung and it attached directly to lungs
47
pleural cavity
pleural space; thin fluid-filled space between variety and visceral, lubricant during respiration
48
diaphragm
thoracic diaphragm; dome-shaped sheet of muscle separating thoracic cavity and abdomen, its contraction and relaxation makes breathing possible
49
phrenic nerves
stimulate diaphragm and cause it to contract
50
respiration
breathing; exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life
51
breath
single respiration; one inhalation and one exhalation
52
ventilation
another word for moving air in and out
53
inhalation
act of taking inner as diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, thoracic cavity expands creating a negative pressure that pulls air into lungs
54
exhalation
act of breathing out as diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, thoracic cavity narrows creating a positive pressure that forces air out
55
external respiration
act of brining air in and out of lungs from outside environment, exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide
56
internal respiration
cellular respiration; exchange of gases within cells of the blood and tissues oxygen into cells, carbon dioxide into bloodstream into lungs and then out of body
57
otolaryngologist
ENT; physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of head and neck
58
ot/o
ear
59
pulmonologist
physician specializing in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
60
pulmon
lung
61
respiratory therapist
LMP; specialized in treating patients with difficulty breathing
62
thoracic surgeon
persons operations on organs inside thorax including heart lungs and esophagus
63
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD; groups of lung diseases in which bronchial airflow is obstructed making breathing out difficult, generally permanent and progressive, caused by smoking
64
chronic bronchitis
disease in which airways become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, increases size and number of mucus-producing cells which results in excessive mucus production and thickening of walls of air passages, chronic coughing, and bacterial lung infections
65
emphysema
progressive, long-term loss of lung function, decrease in number of total alveoli, enlargement of remaining and progressive destruction of walls of remaining, breathing increasingly rapid, shallow and difficult leads to barrel chest
66
barrel chest
lungs chronically overinflated and rib cage stays partially expanded at all times
67
bronch
bronchus
68
asthma
chronic inflammatory disease of bronchial tubes often triggered by an allergic reaction
69
asthma attack
episode of severe breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing
70
wheezing
breath sound caused by partially obstructed airways
71
airway inflammation
swelling and clogging of bronchial tubes with mucus
72
bronchospasm
contraction of smooth muscles in walls of bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing airway shut
73
upper respiratory infection
acute naspharyngitis, common cold; caused by over 200 different viruses, most common being the human rhinovirus
74
allergic rhinitis
allergy; allergic reaction to airborne allergens that cause increased flow or mucus
75
rhin/o
nose
76
nonallergic rhinitis
inflammation of lining of nose caused by something other than an allergen
77
croup
acute respiratory infection characterized by obstruction of larynx, hoarseness and swelling around vocal cords leads to barking cough and stridor
78
stridor
harsh, high-pitched sounds caused by blockage present when breathing in
79
epistaxis
nose bleed; bleeding from the nose due to dry air, meds, or high blood pressure
80
influenza
flu; acute, highly-contagious infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills and muscle pain
81
pertusis
whooping cough; contagious bacterial infection of upper respiratory tract characterized by recurrent bouts of paroxysmal cough followed by breathlessness and noisy inspiration
82
paroxysmal
sudden or spasm-like
83
respiratory syncytial virus
common, highly contagious viral infection spread by respiratory droplets, mostly mild but can cause bronchiolitis in children
84
bronchiolitis
inflammation of bronchioles
85
bronchiol
bronchioles
86
rhinorrhea
runny nose; watery flow of mucus from nose
87
sinusitis
inflammation of sinuses
88
pharyngitis
sore throat; inflammation of pharynx
89
strep throat
pharyngitis cause by the bacteria streptococcus
90
laryngospasm
sudden spasmodic closure of larynx, sometimes associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease
91
aphonia
loss of ability of larynx to produce normal speech sounds, can only whisper
92
phon
sound or voice
93
dysphonia
difficulty in speaking, may included any impairment in vocal quality like hoarseness, weakness, cracking
94
laryngitis
inflammation of larynx, voice loss
95
acute bronchitis
chest cold; inflammation of bronchi via viral infection, characterized by productive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and low-grade fever
96
productive cough
cough that brings up mucus or phlegm
97
bronchiectasis
permanent thickening of walls of bronchi; chronic infection and inflammation
98
-ectasis
stretching or enlargement
99
bronchorrhea
excessive discharge of watery mucus from bronchi, chromic bronchitis or asthma
100
pleurisy
pleuritis; inflammation of pleura, causes pleurodynia, result from trauma, tuberculosis, infection or connective tissue disease
101
pleur/o
pleura
102
pleurodynia
sharp chest pain that occurs when inflamed pleural membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
103
-dynia
pain
104
pleura effusion
excess accumulation of fluid in pleural space, feeling of breathlessness, lungs cannot fully expand
105
effusion
escape of fluid form blood or lymphatic vessels into tissue or body cavity
106
pyothorax
pleural empyema; presence of pus in pleural cavity between layers of pleural membrane from a bacterial infection
107
empyema
collection of pus in any body cavity
108
hemothorax
collection of blood in pleural cavity, chest trauma disease or surgery
109
pneumothorax
accumulation of air in pleural space resulting in pressure imbalance that causes lungs to partial or fully collapse, stab wound through chest wall or lung-disease-related rupture in pleura that allows air to leak in
110
pneum/o
lung or air
111
acute respiratory distress syndrome
lung condition caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit or sepsis, life-threatening in which inflammation in lungs and fluid in alveoli lead to low oxygen levels in the blood
112
sepsis
systemic bacterial infection
113
atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to blockage of air passages or pneumothorax
114
atel
incomplete
115
granuloma
general term used to describe a localized area of inflammation, usually in lungs, caused by infection
116
granul
granular
117
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially alveoli, symptom of heart failure
118
edema
swelling
119
pulmonary embolism
sudden blockage of pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by embolus formed in leg or pelvic region
120
tuberculosis
infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks lungs, pleurisy, hemoptysis, can carry latent TB without symptoms
121
latent
present but not active
122
drug-resistant tuberculosis
dangerous form, when drug regimen is not followed, rendering treatment insufficient to destroy all bacteria
123
pneumonia
serious inflammation of the lungs in which alveoli and are passages fill with pus and other fluids
124
bronchopneumonia
localized form of pneumonia that often affects bronchioles, often leads to lobar pneumonia
125
lobar pneumonia
affects larger areas of lungs, one or more sections, or lobes, or a lung
126
double pneumonia
lobar pneumonia in both lungs, bacterial pneumonia
127
aspiration pneumonia
foreign substance in inhaled into lungs
128
aspiration
drawing a foreign substance into upper respiratory tract
129
community-acquire pneumonia
any that results form contagious infection outside hospital or clinic, usually bacterial, can be visualized or fungal, most common type
130
bacterial pneumonia
caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
131
pneumococcal pneumonia
only form that can be prevented through vaccination, bacterial
132
hospital-acquired pneumonia
nosocomial pneumonia; type contracted during stay at hospital when defenses are impaired, on a ventilator
133
mycoplasma pneumonia
walking pneumonia; milder, but longer-lasting form caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae, not usually bedridden
134
pneumocystis pneumonia
opportunistic infection caused by yeast-like fungus, pneumocystis jirovecii
135
viral pneumonia
can be caused by several different types of viruses, 1/3 of all pneumonias
136
interstitial lung disease
group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of alveoli and support structures, decreased oxygen to blood
137
interstitial
relating to spaces within or around tissue or organ
138
pulmonary fibrosis
progressive formation of scar tissue inline, decreases lung capacity and increases difficulty breathing
139
fibrosis
fibrous connective tissue
140
pneumoconiosis
any fibrosis of lung tissue caused by mineral dust inhalation after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
141
coni
dust
142
asbestosis
caused by asbestos particles in lungs, after working with asbestos
143
silicosis
caused by inhaling silica dust in lungs, foundry work, guarding, glasswork and sand blasting
144
silic
glass
145
cystic fibrosis
life-threatening genetic disorder in which lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick music, damage to lungs, poor growth and nutritional deficiency, wheezing and persistent cough
146
lung cancer
cancer cells form in tissues of the lungs
147
breathing disorders
abnormal changes in rate or depth of breathing
148
eupnea
easy or normal breathing, baseline
149
eu-
good
150
-pnea
breathing
151
apnea
temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
152
bradypnea
abnormally slow rate of respiration, less than 10 breaths per minute
153
cheyne-stokes respiration
irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow breathing following by slower breathing or apnea
154
tachypnea
abnormally rapid rate or respiration, more than 20 breaths per minute
155
tachy
rapid
156
dyspnea
shortness of breath; difficult or labored breathing
157
hyperpnea
associated with exertion; deeper and more rapid breathing than is normal at rest
158
hypopnea
shallow or slow respiration
159
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid rate of deep respirations, low levels of carbon dioxide in blood causing dizziness and tingling in hands and feet
160
sleep apnea
potentially serious disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to be measurable, decrease in blood oxygen levels
161
obstructive sleep apnea
muscles at back of throat relax and block the airway
162
snoring
noisy breathing caused by vibration of the soft palate
163
expectoration
act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus or other body fluids
164
expector
to cough up
165
-ation
state or action
166
hemoptysis
expectoration of blood or blood-colored sputum derived from lungs or bronchial tubes, pulmonary/bronchial hemorrhages
167
-ptysis
spitting
168
airway obstuction
choking; when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks airway and prevents air for entering or leaving lungs
169
anoxia
absence of oxygen from body's tissues and organs even though there is adequate blood flow, after 4-6 minutes can cause irreversible brain damage
170
ox
oxygen
171
hypoxia
deficient oxygen levels in body's tissues and organs, less severe; trauma, lung disease, carbon monoxide poisoning, high altitudes, cardiovascular problems
172
hyp
deficient
173
altitude sickness
lower air pressure and decreased oxygen levels in air at higher altitudes, sever can cause high-altitude pulmonary edema
174
asphyxia
loss of consciousness that occurs when body cannot get oxygen it need to function
175
asphyxiation
state of asphyxia or suffocation, oxygen levels drop, carbon dioxide levels rise, can lead to serious brain damage or death
176
carbon monoxide poisoning
potentially fatal, exposure to carbon monoxide from fire or poorly vented heaters causes high concentration of carbon monoxide in the bloodstream which interferes with the body's ability to utilize oxygen; nausea, shortness of breath, headaches, lethargy, dizziness and confusion, treated with oxygen therapy
177
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to lack of adequate oxygen in blood
178
hypoxemia
condition of having low oxygen levels in blood, due to respiratory disorder or heart conditions
179
capn
carbon dioxide
180
hypercapnia
carbon dioxide retention; abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide, respiratory disorders like COPD, sleep apnea
181
respiratory failure
respiratory acidosis; level of oxygen in blood becomes dangerously low, or carbon dioxide levels become dangerously high
182
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
183
bronchoscope
flexible, fiber-optic device passed through nose or mouth and down airways
184
chest x-ray
valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema
185
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through mouth
186
indirect laryngoscopy
simple, shine light on angled mirror held at back of soft palate to view larynx
187
peak flow meter
measures air flow out of lungs, revealing narrowing of airways in advance of asthma attack
188
peak expiratory flow
highest number a person reaches on peak flow meter
189
polysomnography
sleep study; measures physiological activity during sleep, detect nocturnal defects in breathing
190
somn/o
sleep
191
pulmonary function tests
group of tests that measure volume and flow of air using spirometer
192
spirometer
recording device that measures amount of air inhaled or exhaled and length of time required for each breath
193
spir/o
to breathe
194
meter
to measure
195
incentive spirometer
help patients who had surgery keep lungs healthy
196
pulse oximeter
external monitor on fingertip or earlobe to measure oxygen saturation level in blood
197
sputum cytology
sample of mucus is coughed up form lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells
198
sputum culture and sensitivity
sample of mucus is monitored for bacterial growth, if bacteria grows then it is tested for sensitivity or resistance to different antibiotics, diagnose bacterial pneumonia and determine most effective treatment
199
sputum
phlegm ejected through mouth and used for diagnostic purposes
200
phlegm
thick mucus secreted by tissues lining respiratory passages
201
tuberculin skin testing
Mantoux PPD skin test; screening test for TB, small amount of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected just under top layer of skin on forearm
202
antitussive
cough medicine; administered to prevent or relieve coughing
203
anti-
against
204
tuss
cough
205
-ive
performs
206
decongestant
nasal decongestant; administered orally or internally to relieve nasal congestion
207
expectorant
oral medication that makes it easier to cough up mucus by making it thinner and less viscous
208
bronchodilator
inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into lungs
209
rescue medications
short-acting bronchodilators, asthma
210
controller medicines
inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting medication taken daily to prevent asthma attacks and control inflammation
211
metered-dose inhaler
administers specific amount of medication such as bronchodilator in aerosol form
212
nebulizer
electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medication to turn it into a must that is then inhaled
213
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube through mouth into trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
214
intubation
insertion of a tube, usually for passage of air or fluids
215
functional endoscopic sinus surgery
uses endoscope, choric sinusitis treated by enlarging opening between nose and sinuses
216
laryngotomy
surgical incision into larynx, performed when upper part of airway is obstructed
217
septoplasty
surgical repair of parts of nasal septum, correct deviation septum
218
deviated septum
displacement of nasal septum, difficulty breathing
219
tracheostomy
surgical creation of a stoma into trachea below vocal cords to insert temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing
220
stoma
surgically created opening on a body surface
221
(emergency) tracheotomy
procedure in which an incision is made in to trachea to access airway below a blockage
222
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of all or part of a lung
223
lobectomy
surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually lungs, brain, liver, or thyroid fland
224
wedge resection
small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissues is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissues around the cancer
225
thoracentesis
surgical puncture of chest wall with needle to obtain fluid from pleural cavity, liquid or air
226
thoracotomy
surgical incision into chest wall to open pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment, access lungs, heart, esophagus, diaphragm
227
video-assisted thoracic surgery
use thoracoscope to view inside of pleural cavity, remove small cancerous tissue, obtain biopsy specimen, treat repeatedly collapsing lungs
228
thoracoscope
specialized endoscope used for treating the thorax
229
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine
treat sleep apnea, noninvasive, holds airway open, decreases snoring
230
BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure) machine
like CPAP, can be set at increased pressure for inhaling and decreased pressure for exhaling, used for sleep apnea in patients with neuromuscular disorders
231
Ambu bag, BVM (big valve mask)
emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation, flexible air chamber squeezed to force air in lungs
232
ventilator
mechanical device for artificial respiration used to replace or supplement natural breathing function, forced inhalation and passive exhalation
233
supplemental oxygen
when unable to maintain adequate blood oxygen saturation, administered via compressor
234
nasal cannula
small dude divides into two nasal prongs
235
rebreather mask
exhaled breath partially reused, up to 60% oxygen
236
non-rebreather mask
allows higher levels of oxygen to be added in air taken in by patient
237
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
breathing pure oxygen in special chamber that allows air pressure to be tripled, lungs and bloodstream are able to absorb more oxygen, promotes healing and helps fight infection, used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning
