Chapter 4 Flashcards
muscular system
1
Q
muscular system
A
hold body erect and make movement possible, generates nearly 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm, moves food through digestive system, movement aids blood flow, moves fluid through ducts and tubes
2
Q
muscle fibers
A
long, slender cells that make up muscles, group of fibers bound by connective tissue forms a muscle
3
Q
fascia
A
band of connective tissue that envelopes, separates or binds together muscles, flexible to allow movement
4
Q
myofascial
A
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
5
Q
my/o
A
muscle
6
Q
fasc
A
fascia
7
Q
tendon
A
narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
8
Q
patellar tendon
A
attaches muscles to bottom of the patella
9
Q
Achilles tendon
A
attaches gastrocnemius muscle to heel bone
10
Q
aponeurosis
A
sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or muscle to a bone
11
Q
skeletal muscles
A
attached to bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible; voluntary, striated
12
Q
voluntary muscles
A
have conscious control over
13
Q
striated
A
striped
14
Q
smooth muscles
A
located in walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels and ducts; function to move and control flow of fluids through these structures ie involuntary, unstriated, visceral
15
Q
involuntary muscle
A
under control of autonomic nervous system, not voluntary control
16
Q
unstriated muscle
A
do not have dark and light bands
17
Q
visceral muscle
A
named such because found in hollow structure
18
Q
visceral
A
relating to the internal organs
19
Q
muscle innervation
A
stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
19
Q
myocardial muscles
A
myocardium, cardiac muscle; form muscular walls of the heart
20
Q
motor nerves
A
enable brain to stimulate muscle contraction, control voluntary muscular contractions
21
Q
neuromuscular
A
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
22
Q
antagonistic pairs
A
all muscles are arranged in pairs, made up of specialized cells that can change length or shape by contracting and relaxing, when one of the pair contracts, the other relaxes
23
Q
contraction
A
tightening of a muscle, becomes shorter and thicker, causing belly (center) of muscle to become enlarged
24
relaxation
muscle returns to original form, becomes longer and thinner, belly no longer enlarged
25
abduction
movement of a limb away from midline, outward away from the side of the body
26
ab
away from
27
duct
to lead
28
-ion
action
29
adduction
movement of a limb toward midline, inward toward the side of the body
30
ad-
toward
31
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
32
flex
bend
33
flexor muscle
bends limb at joint
34
extension
increasing angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
35
tens
stretch out
36
extensor muscle
straightens limb at joint
37
hyperextension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond normal limit
38
elevation
act of raising or lifting a body part
39
levator anguli oris
raises corners of mouth into smile
40
levator
muscle that raises a body part
41
depression
act of lowering a body part
42
depressor anguli oris
lowers corners of mouth into frown
43
depressor
muscle that lowers a body part
44
rotation
circular movement around an axis
45
axis
imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body
46
circumduction
circular movement at far end of limb
47
rotator muscle
turns a body part on its axis ie humerus rotates within the shoulder joint
48
supination
act of rotating arm/leg so that palm of hand or sole of foot is turned upward or forward
49
pronation
act of rotating arm/leg so that palm of hand or sole of foot is turned downward or backward
50
dorsiflexion
movement that bends foot upward at ankle, decreases angle between top of foot and front of leg
51
plantar flexion
movement that bend foot downward at ankle, increases angle between top of foot and front of leg
52
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
53
superficial
located near the surface, just under the skin
54
origin
less moveable attachment; where the muscle begins, located nearest midline or less moveable part
55
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to bone or tendon, more moveable attachment, further from the midline
56
sternocleidomastoid
helps bend the neck and rotate the head, named for points of origin, breast and collar bone, and mastoid insertion
57
stern/o
breast bone
58
cleido/o
collar bone
59
mastoid muscle
inserts at one point of insertion into mastoid process
60
flexor carpi muscle
named for action, flexes wrist
61
extensor carpi muscle
named for action, extends wrist
62
carpi
wrist or wrist bones
63
pectoralis major
thick, fan-shaped muscles situated on anterior chest wall
64
pectoral
relating to the chest
65
lateralis
toward the side
66
vastus lateralis
large muscle toward outer side of the leg
67
vastus
huge in Latin
68
vastus medialis
muscle toward midline of leg, part of quadriceps that flex and extend leg at knee
69
medialis
toward the midline
70
oblique
slanted or at an angle ex. external and internal oblique muscles
71
rectus
straight in alignment with vertical axis of the body ie. rectus abdominis, rectus femoris
72
sphincter
ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
73
anal sphincter
closes the anus
74
transverse
crosswise direction ex. transverse abdominis
75
biceps brachii
biceps; formed from two divisions, anterior upper arm, flexes elbow
76
bi-
two
77
-ceps
head
78
triceps brachii
triceps; formed from three divisions, posterior upper arm, extends elbow
79
tri-
three
80
gluteus maximus
largest muscle of the buttocks
81
maximus
great or large
82
deltoid muscle
located on shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle, like Greek letter delta
83
hamstring group
named because muscles by with a butches hangs a slaughtered pig; located on the back of the upper leg, consists of biceps femoris, scmiteninosus and semimembranosus msucles, knee flexion and hip extension
84
frontalis
occipito frontalis; muscle in forehead, raises and lowers eyebrows
85
temporalis
muscle moves lower jaw up and back to close mouth
86
masseter
muscle moves lower jaw up to close mouth when chewing, one of the strongest muscles in the body
87
pectoralis major
makes up bulk of chest muscles in males, lies under breast in female
88
external oblique muscle
in abdomen; flex and rotates vertebral column, flex torso and compress abdomen
89
internal oblique muscle
in abdomen; flex spine, support abdominal contents, help breath and rotate spine
90
rectus abdominis
flex trunk, assists in breathing and support spine
91
transverse abdominis
other side of abdomen, core muscle engaged when laughs or coughs
92
deltoid
muscular cap of the shoulder
93
trapezius
moves head and shoulder blades
94
rectus femoris
extends leg at knee and flexes the thigh at hip joint
95
quadriceps femoris
four muscles including vastus lateralis and vastus medialis
96
gastrocnemius
calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward, came from latin for "stomach of leg"
97
exercise physiologist
specialist who works under physician to develop, implement and coordinate exercise programs administer medical test to promote physical fitness
98
neurologist
specialist in treating causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
99
occupational therapist
helps enable patient to participate in ADLs, self-care, education, work, social interaction
100
physiatrist
specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation with focus on restoring function
101
rehabilitation
restoration, following disease, illness or injury, of ability to function in normal or near-normal manner
102
physical therapist
treatment to prevent disability restore function by using exercise, heat, massage or other
103
sports medicine physician
specializes in prevention and treatment of injuries of bones, joints and muscles for athletes and active people
104
fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia
105
fibromyalgia
debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse of specific muscle, joints or bone pain
106
fibr/o
fibrous tissue
107
debilitating
condition causing weakness
108
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
109
tendinitis
tendonitis; acute inflammation or irritation of the tendons caused by excessive unusual use of a joint
110
tendinosis
chronic condition characterized by pain due to repetitive overuse or injury that has not healed
111
chronic fatigue syndrome
disorder of unknown cause, affects many systems, debilitating and complex characterized by profound fatigue not improved by bed rest and worsened by physical or mental activity, may be related to fibromyalgia
112
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
113
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissue or structure, pathology or disease over long period of time
114
cachexia
condition of physically wasting away due to loss of weight and muscle mass, occurs with cancer or AIDs
115
muscle wasting
shrinking; result from lack of physical activity
116
hernia
when tissue protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it, most common is inguinal hernia
117
inguinal
in the groin
118
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles
119
polymyositis
muscle disease characterized by simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles closest to trunk or torso
120
rhabdomyolysis
serious syndrome resulting from direct or indirect muscle injury, death of muscle fibers releases contents into blood stream causing complication such as renal failure
121
rhabdomy/o
striated muscle
122
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass, strength, and function due to aging
123
sacr/o
flesh
124
penia
deficiency
125
muscle tone
state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
126
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
127
ton
tone
128
dystonia
movement disorder characterized by involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles often symptoms of Parkinson's, stroke or brain injuries
129
hypotonia
diminished tone of skeletal muscles; floppy baby syndrome
130
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement, abnormal activity in cerebellum
131
contracture
permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissue
132
intermittent claudication
pain in leg muscles occurring during exercise and relieved by rest, poor circulation
133
intermittent
coming and going at intervals
134
claudication
limping
135
spasm
sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscles, difficult or impossible to control
136
tic
repeated spasm often involving eyelids or face
137
myoclonus
quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles as falling asleep, epilepsy, metabolic or meds
138
clon
violent action
139
clonus
repetitive contraction of muscles of knees or ankles associated with cerebral palsy, stroke multiple sclerosis or other
140
singultus
hiccups; myoclonus of diaphragm
141
cramp
painful localized muscle spasm named for cause ie. menstrual
142
torticollis
wryneck; stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of neck muscles that pull head to affected side
143
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
144
Brady-
slow
145
kines
movement
146
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerking motions
147
hyperkinesia
hyperactivity; abnormally increased muscle function or activity
148
myasthenia gravis
chronic autoimmune disease that affects neuromuscular junction and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles affects eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking or swallowing
149
myasthenia
muscle weakness
150
-asthenia
weakness or lack of strength
151
gravis
grave or serious
152
muscular dystrophy
group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement, doesn't affect nervous system
153
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
most common, in children, boys 3-5 unable to walk at 12, difficulty breathing and heart disease
154
Becker muscular dystrophy
very similar to, but less severe than duchennes
155
repetitive stress disorder
variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions involved muscles, tendons, nerves and joints
156
compartment syndrome
involves compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within compartment cause by trauma, cast, repetition
157
compartment
enclosed space created by fascia that separates groups of muscles in arms or legs
158
overuse injury
minor tissue injuries that haven't been given time to heal
159
overuse tendinitis
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
160
trigger finger
painful and progressive restriction of movement caused by inflammation of tendon's synovial sheath
161
myofascial pain syndrome
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout body, repetitive contraction
162
trigger point
tender areas most commonly develop where fascia comes into contact with muscle
163
referred pain
pain that originated in one area of the body but is felt in another
164
tendinopathy
general term form irritation or degeneration of a tendon in a joint
165
impingement syndrome
rotator cuff tendinitis; occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between bones within shoulder ex. tennis elbow or swimmer's shoulder
166
rotator cuff tear
occurs as irritated tendon weakness or as result of a fall or injury partial is frayed, complete is detached
167
carpal tunnel syndrome
occurs when tendons that pass through carpal tunnel into hand are chronically overused and becomes inflamed and swollen, swelling creates pressure on median nerve
168
carpal
pertaining to the wrist
169
carpal tunnel release
surgical enlargement of carpal tunnel or cutting of carpal ligament to reduce pressure on nerve
170
ganglion cyst
benign, fluid filled lump that usually occurs on outer surface of wrist or hand results from injury
171
epicondylitis
inflammation of tissue surrounding the elbow
172
condyl
condyle
173
condyle
round prominence at the end of a bone
174
lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow; pain on outer side of forearm
175
medial epicondylitis
golfer's elbow; pain of palm side of forearm
176
heel spur
calcium deposit in plantar fasciopathy; inflammation of plantar fascia on sole of foot, foot or heal pain when walking or running
177
mortonis neuroma
pain on ball of foot is cause by swollen, inflamed nerve between 3rd and 4th toes
178
neuroma
benign mass of nerve tissue
179
posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
fallen arches; occurs when the tendons supporting foots' arch weaken
180
soft tissue injury
damage to skin, muscles, ligaments and tendons as opposed to bones or organs
181
sprain
injury to a joint which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
182
strain
injury to body of muscle or to attachment of a tendon associated with overuse injuries with stretched or torn muscles and tendons
183
shin splint
caused by tibialis muscle tearing away from tibia, repetitive stress to lower leg
184
hamstring injury
strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles, when contract too quickly and injury can occur that is characterized by sudden and severe pain in the back of the thigh
185
achilles tendinitis
painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress
186
iliotibial band syndrome
overuse injury causing pain just above knee joint, caused by band rubbing against knee
187
iliotibial band
runs diagonally from top of pelvis down to tibia
188
spinal cord injury
type of paralysis determined by level of vertebrae closest to injury, occurs when vertebrae is broken or pushes/pulled out o alignment and puts pressure on spinal cord, ability of brain to communicate with body below level of injury may be reduces or lost
189
incomplete injury
person has some function below level of injury but is not normal
190
complete injury
complete loss of sensation and muscle control below level of injury, can be improved
191
paralysis
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
192
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscular paralysis
193
-paresis
partial of incomplete paralysis
194
hemiparesis
weakness or slight paralysis affecting gone side of the body; stroke
195
hemi-
half
196
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body; stroke, other disease or injury of the brain
197
-plegia
paralysis
198
paraplegia
partial paralysis; paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body
199
quadriplegia
tetraplegia; paralysis of all four extremities
200
quadr/i
four
201
deep tendon reflexes
knee-jerk test; reflex Hamer use to strike a tendon, determines if homeostasis between spinal cord and peripheral nervous system is working
202
reflex
involuntary response to a stimulus
203
range-of-motion testing
diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength, goal is to increase strength, flexibility, and mobility
204
goniometer
tool used to measure ROM movement in a joint
205
electromyography
measures electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation, resulting record is called an electromyogram
206
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue for examination
207
antispasmodic
anticholinergic; suppress smooth muscle contractions of stomach, intestine or bladder
208
atropine
antispasmodic administered preoperatively to relax smooth muscles during surgery
209
cortisone
corticosteroid drug injected to relieve pain and inflammation in a specific joint
210
anabolic steroids
used to replace muscle loss caused by disease
211
muscle relaxants
relax certain muscles and relieve stiffness, pain and discomfort caused by strains, sprains or other injuries
212
neuromuscular-blocking drug
cause temporary paralysis by blocking transmission of nerve stimuli to muscles, used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to relax skeletal muscles
213
adjunct
in addition to
214
platelet-rich plasma therapy
patient's own blood is separated to create a concentrated platelet-rich plasma, then injected into a joint to promote healing and pain relief
215
viscosupplementation
direct injection of hyaluronic acid into knee to increase joints viscous fluid, temporary relief
216
ergonomics
study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment, goal of reducing injuries, strain and stress
217
myofascial release
specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease pain from fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome
218
therapeutic ultrasound
PT therapy technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue, eases pain, reduces spasms and accelerated healing
219
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
device delivers electrical impulses through skin
220
R.I.C.E
rest, ice, compression and elevation
221
fasciotomy
surgical incision through fascia to relieve tension or pressure without loss of circulation damage or affected tissues
222
tenodesis
surgical suturing end of tendon to bone ex. repair bicep in shoulder
223
ten/o
tendon
224
tenolysis
release of a tendon from adhesions
225
tenotomy
surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening ex. fix club foot and strabismus
226
myorraphy
surgical suturing of a muscle
227
