Chapter 5 Flashcards
cardiovascular system
1
Q
cardiovascular system
A
heart, blood vessels, and blood, blood is fluid tissues that transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues, retunes some waste products to kidneys and carries carbon dioxide bak to lungs, part of the immune system and the endocrine system
2
Q
cardiovascular
A
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
3
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
4
Q
vascul
A
blood vessels
5
Q
heart
A
hollow, muscular organ located in thoracic cavity between the lungs, about the size of a fist, effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the flow flow needed throughout the entire body
6
Q
apex
A
lower tip of heart
7
Q
pericardium
A
pericardial sac; double-walled membraneous sac that encloses the heart
8
Q
peri
A
surrounding
9
Q
membranous
A
pertaining to membrane
10
Q
membrane
A
layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part
11
Q
parietal pericardium
A
fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
12
Q
visceral pericardium
A
inner layer of pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart, when call outer layer of the heart it is called the epicardium
13
Q
pericardial fluid
A
found between the two layers, acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
14
Q
epicardium
A
external layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium
15
Q
epi-
A
upon
16
Q
myocardium
A
myocardial muscle; middle and thickest of the heart’s 3 layers, consists of specialized muscle tissue the is capable of contact contraction and relaxation that creates pumping movement that is necessary to maintain flow of blood throughout the body
17
Q
endocardium
A
epithelial tissue; inner lining of the heart, surface comes into direct contact with blood as it is being pumped though the heart
18
Q
coronary artery
A
supplies oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
19
Q
veins
A
remove waste products from myocardium
20
Q
atria
A
two upper chambers of the heart, divided by intertribal septum, receiving chambers of blood
21
Q
ventricles
A
two lower chambers of the heart, divided by the interventricular septum, walls are thicker because the ventricles pump blood though the body
22
Q
tricuspid valve
A
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
23
Q
tricuspid
A
having three cups
24
Q
pulmonary valve
A
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
25
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
26
mitral valve
bicuspid valve; located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
27
mitral
shaped like a bishops mitre (hat)
28
bicuspid
having 2 cups
29
aortic valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
30
oxygenated
oxygen-rich, or containing an adequate supply of oxygen
31
aort
aorta
32
deoxygenated
oxygen-poor, or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen
33
blood flow through the heart
the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the tissues, goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle which pumps it through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery and then into the lungs, then the left atrium receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the 4 pulmonary veins, it then goes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, and then flows through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta where it foes to all the parts of the body before the now oxygen-poor blood returns through the venea cavea to the right atrium
34
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood between heart and lungs only
35
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle into the lungs, only place deoxygenated blood is in an artery and not a vein
36
pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium, only place veins carry oxygenated blood
37
systemic circulation
flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs, oxygenated blood flows out of the left ventricle into arterial circulation, veins carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium where is goes through pulmonary circulation and then out in the arteries
38
heartbeat
ability to pump blood effectively through the body, contraction and relaxation of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence
39
electrical impulses
determine rate and regularity of heartbeat by nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart
40
conductive system
electrical impulses are controlled by sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle of His
41
sinoartiral (SA) node
natural pacemaker of the heart; located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, establishes the basic rhythm and rate, impulse spreads over the muscles of both atria causing simultaneous contraction, forces blood into the ventricles
42
atrioventricular (AV) node
located on the floor of the right atrium near the intertribal septum, transmits electrical impulses to bundle of His
43
bundle of His (HISS)
groups of fibers located within the inter ventricular septum, carry the electrical impulses to ensure sequence of heart contracts, travel onward to right and left ventricles and Purkinje fibers
44
Purkinje fibers
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles, relay electrical impulses to cells of ventricles causing contraction, forces blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries
45
sinus rhythm
normal beating of the heart
46
P wave
stimulation of aorta
47
QRS complex
stimulation of ventricles, as the ventricles contract the aorta relaxes
48
T wave
recovery of ventricles
49
arteries
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body, walls have 3 layers making the muscular and elastic
50
endarterial
within an after or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
51
aorta
largest blood vessel, begins from left ventricle of heart and forms main trunk of arterial system
52
carotid arteries
major arteries that cary blood upward to head
53
common carotid artery
located on each side of the neck
54
internal carotid artery
beings oxygen-rich blood to the brain
55
external carotid artery
brings blood to the face
56
arterioles
smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries, enters one end of capillary bed, slows rate of flow of arterial blood
57
arterial blood
bright red in color because it is oxygen-rich
58
capillaries
one epithelial cell in thickness, smallest blood vessels in the Boyd, form network of expanded vascular beds that deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells of tissues, slows the flow of blood to allow plasma into tissues, here exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wast occurs within surrounding cells, 90% of fluid that leaves cells is (oxygen poor and contains waste products) enters opposite end of capillary ben through venules, 10% becomes lymph
59
veins
form low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to heart, walls are thinner and less elastic, venous blood flows at increased speeds as it goes to the hear, has valves that enable blood to only flow toward heart
60
venous
relating to, of contained in, veins
61
venules
smallest veins that join to form larger veins
62
ven
vein
63
ules
small ones
64
superficial veins
located near body's surface
65
deep veins
located within tissues away from the body's surface
66
venae cavae
two largest veins in the body, return blood heart
67
superior vena cava
transports blood from upper portion of body to heart
68
inferior vena cava
transports blood from lower portion of body to heart
69
pulse
rhythmic pressure against wall so fan artery caused by contraction of the heart
70
blood pressure
measurement of amount of systolic and diastolic pressure excreted against walls of arteries
71
systolic pressure
occurs when ventricles contract, highest pressure against walls of an artery
72
diastolic pressure
when ventricles relax, lowest pressure against walls of an artery
73
systole
contraction of the heart
74
diastole
relaxation of the heart
75
blood
fluid tissue in body, 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements
76
plasma
straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones and waste products, 92% water, 8% proteins including clotting protein
77
serum
plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed
78
clotting protein
fibrinogen and prothrombin
79
erythrocytes
red blood cells; mature RBCs produces by red bone marrow, transport oxygen to tissues
80
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of erythrocytes
81
-globin
protein
82
leukocytes
white blood cells; blood cells involved in defending body against infective organisms and foreign substances
83
neutrophils
formed in red bone marrow, most common WBC, through phagocytosis, play a major role in immune system defense against pathogens
84
phagocytosis
process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
85
basophils
formed in red bone marrow, least common WBC, responsible for causing symptoms of allergies
86
eosinophils
formed in red bone marrow then migrates to tissues throughout body, destroy parasitic organisms and play major role in allergic reactions
87
lymphocytes
formed in red bone marrow, lymph nods and spleen, identify forming substances and germs in body and produce antibodies that specifically target them
88
monocytes
formed in red bone marrow, lymph node and spleen, through phagocytosis, provide immunological defense against infectious organisms
89
thrombocytes
platelets; smaller formed element of blood, play an important role in clothing, blood vessels damaged which cause platelets to activate and become sticky, they clump to form a clot
90
thromb/o
clot
91
blood types
classified according to presence or absence of certain antigens, type Rh factor, A, AB, B, O
92
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
93
Rh factor
presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells
94
Rh positive
have Rh antigen, 85% of Americans
95
Rh negative
do not have Rh antigen, 15% of Americans
96
blood gases
gases that normally dissolve in the liquid portion of blood, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide
97
cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart
98
hematologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissue
99
vascular surgeon
physician who specializes in diagnosis, medical management and surgical treatment of disorders of blood vessels
100
telemetry nurse
specializes in the use of technology within a hospital unit to track vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rhythm and oxygen levels
101
congenital heart defects
structural abnormalities caused by failure of the heart to develop normally before birth most common type of birth defect
102
congenital
present at birth
103
ventricular septal defect
characterized by a hole between the two ventricles
104
coronary artery disease
coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease; atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle, creating insufficient supply of oxygen that causes angina, myocardial infraction or death, most common type of heart disease
105
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
106
ather/o
plaque or fatty substance
107
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
108
plaque
fatty deposit, found within lumen of an artery, can protrude outward into lumen from wall of the blood vessel or protrude inward into the wall of the vessel
109
lumen
opening tithing vessels through which blood flows
110
ischemia
condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
111
isch
to hold back
112
-emia
blood
113
cardiac ischemia
lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
114
angina
angina pectoris; condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium, due to ischemia, caused by coronary artery disease, can cause myocardial infarction
115
stable angina
occurs during exertion and resolves with rest
116
unstable angina
during exertion or rest, precursor to myocardial infarction
117
myocardial infarction
heart attack; occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup, damage to myocardium impairs the hearts ability to pump blood throughout the body
118
occlusion
total blockage
119
infarction
sudden insufficiency of blood
120
infarct
localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood
121
necrosis
tissue death
122
heart failure
chronic condition, heart is unable to pump out all of the blood it receives, causes congestion
123
congestion
fluid buildup
124
congestive heart failure
causes fluid to backup which results in edema, cause pulmonary edema
125
left-sided heart failure
systolic or diastolic depending on whether pumping or relaxing action is affected, left ventricle is larger, more work to move the same amount of blood
126
right-sided heart failure
often the result of left-sided failure, causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of the body, right side is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout the res of the body, edema starts in feet and legs, can affect liver, gastrointestinal tract or arms
127
cardiomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the heart frequently associated with heart failure as heart enlarges in effort to compensate for decreases pumping ability
128
carditis
inflammation of the heart
129
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
130
infective endocarditis
bacterial endocarditis; inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart due to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
131
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium which can lead to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac which restricts heart movement and decreases its ability to pump blood
132
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium, rare complication of a viral infection
133
cardiomyopathy
term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
134
dilated cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and pump less strongly
135
dilation
expansion of a hollow structure
136
heart murmur
abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring blood vessel, caused by defective heart valves
137
mitral valve prolapse
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve resulting in the inability of the valve to close completely
138
prolapse
failing or dropping down o f an organ or internal part
139
valvular stenosis
narrowing, stiffening, thickening or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
140
heart valve disease
valvular heart disease; degenerative disorder that prevents a heart valve from opening and closing properly, caused fatigue, shortness of breath and lightheadedness
141
aortic stenosis
buildup of calcium and fat deposits in the aortic valve that causes narrowing which prevent the valve from opening fully
142
mitral valve regurgitation
mitral valve insufficiency, mitral valve incompetency; mitral valve does not close tightly allowing blood to leak back through the opening
143
arrhythmia
loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat
144
asystole
flat line; complete lack of electrical activity in the heart, no contractions, no blood pumping
145
cardiac arrest
event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
146
heart block
congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by electrical signal moving though the heart being partially or completely blocked form reaching the ventricles
147
bradycardia
abnormally slow resting heart rate, less than 60 BPM
148
tachycardia
abnormally rapid resting heart rate, more than 100 BPM
149
supraventricular tachycardia
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; episode beginning and ending abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the AV node
150
ventricular tachycardia
v-tach; very rapid heartbeat that begin within the ventricle, potentially fatal as the heart is beating so rapidly it is unable to adequately pump blood
151
long QT syndrome
inherited or medically acquired heart rhythm disorder can cause fast, chaotic and potentially dangerous arrhythmia
152
fibrillation
potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat
153
atrial fibrillation
a-fib; most common type of tachycardia, normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular, heart wall
154
ventricular fibrillation
v-fib; rapid irregular and useless contraction of the ventricles, instead of pumping strongly heart quivers ineffectively
155
palpitation
pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm, certain heart disorders imbalance of thyroid hormones, stress, anxiety, exercise or medication
156
vasculitis
inflammation of the blood vessels
157
angiitis
arteritis; inflammation of a blood vessel
158
temporal arteries
giant cell arteries; caused by inflammation of the temporal arteries supplying blood to the head and the brain, headaches, double vision, jaw pain
159
hemangioma
benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
160
hypoperfusion
deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
161
perfusion
flow of blood through vessels of an organ
162
aneurysm
localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery, names for artery involved
163
arteriosclerosis
hardening f the arteries; any group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall
164
carotid artery stenosis
arteriostenosis; abnormal narrowing of the carotid artery supplying blood to the brain, increases the chance of blood clots which can cause ischemia and stroke
165
(chronic) venous insufficiency
venous circulation if inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valve
166
phlebitis
thrombophlebitis; inflammation of a vein, often forms a clot
167
phleb
vein
168
varicose vein
abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in superficial veins of the left, valves don't function properly, blood pools in the veins
169
thrombosis
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
170
thrombus
blood clot attached to interior wall of an artery or vein
171
thrombotic occlusion
blocking of an artery by a thrombus
172
thrombotic
caused by a thrombus
173
coronary thrombosis
damage to heart muscle caused by thrombus blocking a coronary artery
174
coron
crown
175
venous thromboembolism
blood clot that originated in a vein
176
deep vein thrombosis
thrombus attached to interior wall of a deep vein
177
embolism
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus, maned for causative factor or location
178
embolus
foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas or tissues or tumor, circulating in the blood
179
embol
something inserted
180
peripheral vascular disease
disorders of the blood vessels located outside of the heart and brain, usually narrowing of vessels carrying blood to left, arms, stomach or kidneys
181
peripheral artery disease
peripheral arterial occlusive disease; peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis, impaired circulation to extremities and vital organs compare blood pressure with ankle-brachial index
182
gangrene
tissue death caused by sever shortage of blood supply due to illness, injury and/or infection
183
Raynaud's disease
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold temperatures or stress, skin turns white or blue
184
blood dyscrasic
any pathological condition of cellular element of the blood
185
-crasia
mixture or blending
186
hemochromatosis
iron overload disease; genetic disorder in which intestines absorb to much iron, enters blood stream and goes into the organs and can cause damage
187
leukopenia
low white blood cell count; decrease in number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in blood, increased risk of developing or having difficulty fighting infections
188
polycythemia
cancer characterized by abnormal increase in number of red cells in bone marrow
189
sepsis
septicemia; potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the blood stream which cause damage to organ systems as chemicals released to fish infection trigger inflammatory responses
190
thrombocytopenia
abnormally small number of platelets circulating in blood
191
thrombocytosis
abnormal increase in the number of platelets in circulating blood
192
hemorrhage
loss of large amounts of blood in a short amount of time
193
transfusion reaction
serious and potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion where sever immune response occurs because patient and donors blood does not match
194
cholesterol
fatty substance that travels through blood, aids in production of cell membranes, some hormones and vitamin D, diet or liver
195
hyperlipidemia
general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substance in blood
196
myelodysplastic syndrome
cancer, insufficient products not one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of bone marrow
197
leukemia
cancer characterized by progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming tissues, organs and in circulating blood; four types: acute/chronic myeloid leukemia, acute/chronic lymphocytic leukemia
198
anemia
lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in blood causes fatigue, shortness of breath, decreased levels of hemoglobin, decreased oxygen, and energy than need to function properly
199
aplastic anemia
absence of formed blood elements caused by failure of blood cell production in bone marrow, anemia causes fatigue and weakness, leukopenia causes increased risk of infection, thrombocytopenia increases bleeding
200
iron-deficiency anemia
most common, iron is essential component of hemoglobin, without it blood cannot carry oxygen effectively
201
plast
growth
202
blast
immature
203
megaloblastic anemia
blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal, deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12
204
pernicious anemia
lack of protein intrinsic factor that helps absorb vitamin B12 from gastrointestinal tract, vitamin B12 is necessary for the formation of red blood cells
205
hemolytic anemia
characterized by inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to premature destruction of the red blood cells by the spleen
206
hemolysis
breaking down of red blood cells
207
sickle cell anemia
genetic disorder the causes normal hemoglobin, some red blood cells assume abnormal sickle shape which interferes with normal blood flow resulting in damage to most body systems
208
thalassemia
inherited blood disorder causing mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
209
hypertension
high blood pressure; elevation of arterial blood pressure to level likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
210
essential hypertension
primary hypertension, idiopathic hypertension; consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
211
idiopathic
disease of unknown cause
212
secondary hypertension
caused by a different medical problem
213
malignant hypertension
very high blood pressure, can be fatal, damage to organs, brain and optic nerve, kidneys and heart failure
214
pulmonary hypertension
high blood pressure in lungs, usually the result of chronic heart or lung disease
215
hypotension
lower-than-normal blood pressure; arterial blood pressure, dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting
216
orthostatic hypotension
postural hypotension; lower blood pressure occurs upon standing up and remain lower as long as remains standing
217
orthostatic
relating to an upright or standing position
218
angiography
x-ray of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium, creates angiogram use to study blood flow in arteries, veins and blood vessel of heart
219
cardiac catheterization
diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passes into a vein or artery and guided into the heart, contrast injected shows disruptions in blood flow, angioplasty can be preformed via the catheter
220
digital subtraction angiography
uses computer assistance to clarify view of are by "subtracting" soft tissues and bones from the image
221
duplex ultrasound
image structures of blood vessels and flow of blood through vessels, combination of diagnostic ultrasound to show blood vessel structures and Doppler ultrasound to show movement of red blood cells through vessels
222
venography
radiographs test providing an image of specific veins after contrast dye is injected, creates a venogram
223
electrocardiography
noninvasive process of recording electrical activity of the myocardium
224
noninvasive
does not require insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or body opening for diagnosis or treatment
225
electrocardiogram
record of electrical activity of myocardium
226
holter monitor
portable electrocardiography worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor heart rates and rhythms over 24-48 hours
227
loop recorder
implanted beneath skin to continuously monitor heart rhythms for up to 3 years
228
stress test
assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress
229
echo cardiography
uses ultrasonic waves to evaluate motion of the heart
230
thallium stress test
nuclear imaging test to evaluate how well blood flows through coronary arteries of heart muscles during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream
231
adherence
accuracy and consistency with which a patient executes the physicians plan for treatment
232
antihypertensive
medication administered to lower high blood pressure
233
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor
blocks the action of the enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract, causing hypertension
234
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
similar to ACE inhibitors
235
beta blockers
reduce workload of heart by closing rest of heartbeat, lowers blood pressure, relieves angina or treat heart failure
236
calcium channel blockers
causes heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing movement of calcium into cells of these structure, lowers the workload by increasing blood and oxygen levels
237
diuretic
administered to stimulate kidneys to increase secretion of urine to rid body of excess sodium and water to treat hypertension and heart failure
238
antiarrhythmia
medication administered to control irregularity of the heartbeat
239
anticoagulant
blood thinners; slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
240
coagulation
process of clotting blood
241
aspirin
taken in small daily does, recommended to decrease risk of heart attack or stroke by reducing blood's ability to clot
242
digitalis
available as drug preparation digoxin, strengthens contractions of heart, slows heart rate and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues
243
cholesterol-lowering drugs
combat hyperlipidemia, reduces undesirable cholesterol levels in blood
244
thrombolytic
clot busting drug; dissolves or causes and thrombus to break up
245
thrombolytic therapy
use of drugs to break up a thrombus
246
tissue plasminogen activator
thrombolytic administered to patients having a heart attack or stroke
247
vasoconstrictor
causes blood vessels to narrow
248
vasodilator
causes blood vessels to expand
249
nitroglycerin
vasodilator prescribed to prevent or relieve pain of angina by dilating blood vessels to heart by increasing blood flow and oxygen supply
250
dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet
restricted sodium intake, hypertension, heart failure, cardia issues
251
angioplasty
technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
252
balloon angioplasty
percutaneous translumin coronary angioplasty; small balloon on end of catheter used to open partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
253
laser angioplasty
laser on end of catheter, uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit
254
stent
wire mesh to be placed after the artery has been opened, provides support to arterial wall, keeps plaque from expanding and prevents restenosis
255
restenosis
when an artery that has been opened gradually closes again
256
atherectomy
surgical removal of plaque buildup from interior of an artery, may be followed by a stent
257
carotid enarterectomy
surgical removal of lining of portion of clogged artery leading to brain, reduces risk strokes due to blood clots
258
coronary artery bypass graft
open-heart surgery; piece of vein from a leg or the chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and improve flow of blood to the heart, cardiopulmonary bypass of heart-lung machine temporarily takes over function of the heart and lungs
259
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
aid of fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs
260
defibrillation
use defibrillator to give electrical shock to restore heart's normal rhythm
261
synchronized cardioversion
restore heart normal rhythm using a lower voltage, non-emergency situations
262
automated external defibrillator
designed for use by nonprofessionals
263
implanted cardioverter defibrillator
internal double-action pacemaker, constantly regulated heartbeat, acts as automatic if dangerous disruption occurs
264
pacemaker
treat arrhythmia, battery-powered device externally or internally with connections to heart to regulate heartbeat
265
cardia resynchronization therapy
use of pacemaker to help left and right heart chambers beat together and work effectively
266
cardiac ablation
catheter ablation; uses radio frequency energy or cryoblation to scar or destroy heart tissue triggering abnormal heart rhythm
267
valvulopasty
balloon valvulopasty; surgical repair of a heart valve with narrowed opening
268
heart valve replacement
surgery to replace one of the hearts 4 valves, usually aortic or mitral
269
transcatheter aortic valve replacement
minimally invasive, existing valve remains, collapsible. replacement expanded within defective valve and takes over function
270
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CPR
271
compression-only CPR
effective in keeping patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive
272
aneurysm clipping
surgical method used to isolate an aneurysm in the brain from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck
273
hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding, by formation of a blood clot by body or through external application of pressure to block blood flow
274
plasmapheresis
removal of whole blood from body and separation of blood's cellular element, red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended in saline or albumin solution to be returned to circulatory system and plasma is collected
275
