Chapter 6 Flashcards
Lymphatic and Immune systems
1
Q
lymphatic system
A
absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins through lacteals of small intestine, remove waste products from tissues and cooperates with immune system in destroying invading pathogens, returns filtered lymph to veins at base of neck
2
Q
villi
A
small finger-like projections that line the small intestine
3
Q
lacteals
A
specialized structures of lymphatic system that absorb fats that can’t be transported by the blood stream, vessels return to venous circulation so they can be used as nutrients
4
Q
interstitial fluid
A
intercellular/tissue fluid; plasma from arterial blood that flows out of arteriole and into capillaries, then in spaces between tissue cells; delivers nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cell, takes waste products when leaves, 90% to bloodstream
5
Q
lymph
A
other 10% of interstitial fluid, contains electrolytes and proteins, plays important roles in lymphatic system with immune, collects protein molecules, removes dead cells, debris and pathogens from intercellular spaces
6
Q
lymphatic circulatory system
A
secondary circulatory system
7
Q
lymphatic capillaries
A
microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness, separate bigly to allow lymph to enter capillaries
8
Q
lymphatic vessel
A
located deep within tissue, after capillaries
9
Q
right lymphatic vessel
A
collects lymph from right side of head and neck, the upper right quadrant of body and right arm, empties into right subclavian vein
10
Q
subclavian vein
A
in proximal part of main vein of the arm
11
Q
thoracic duct
A
largest lymphatic vessel, collects lymph from left side of head and neck, upper left quadrant of trunk, left arm, entire lower trunk and both legs, empties into left subclavian vein
12
Q
lymph node
A
small, bean-shaped, contains specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens, unfiltered lymph flows inhere lymphocytes destroy harmful substances (bacteria, viruses), there are 400-700
13
Q
cervical lymph nodes
A
located along sides of neck
14
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axillary lymph nodes
A
located in armpits
15
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inguinal lymph nodes
A
located in inguinal (groin) region of lower abdomen
16
Q
lymphocytes
A
lymphoid cells; leukocytes that are formed intone marrow as stem cells, work with organs to defend body against antigens
17
Q
antigen
A
nay substance that the body regards as being foreign
18
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differentiation
A
to be modified to perform a specific function
19
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natural killer cells
A
playa an important role in killing cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
20
Q
B-cells
A
B lymphocytes; specialized lymphocytes that produces antibodies, each makes a specific antibody, most effective against viruses and bacteria in blood, in encounters right antigen it turns into a plasma cell
21
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plasma cells
A
develop from B cells and secrete large volumes of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
22
Q
T-cells
A
T lymphocytes; originate in thymus, play important role in cell-mediated immunity
23
Q
cytokines
A
group of proteins (interferons, interleukins) released primarily by T-cells, act as intracellular signals to begin immune response
24
Q
interferons
A
produces in response to presence of antigens, activate immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication and signal other cells to increase defenses
25
interleukins
play multiple roles in immune system, direct b and T cells to divide and proliferate
26
lymphoid
pertaining to lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue
27
tonsils
3 masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose an upper throat, play role in immune system by preventing pathogens from entering respiratory system
28
adenoids
nasopharyngeal tonsils; located in nasopharynx
29
palatine tonsils
located on left and right sides of throat in area visible at back of mouth
30
palatine
describes hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
31
lingual tonsils
located at the base of the tongue
32
lingual
pertaining to tongue
33
vermiform appendix
appendix; hangs from lower portion of cecum (first section of large intestine), might have role in immune system
34
spleen
sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue in upper quadrant of abdomen posterior to stomach and inferior to diaphragm, filters microorganisms and other foreign matter from blood, forms lymphocytes and monocytes
35
pathogen
disease-producing microorganisms
36
allergens
substances that produce allergic reactions
37
toxins
poisonous or harmful substances
38
malignant cells
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
39
intact skin
wraps body in physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering body
40
acid mantle
covers skin, makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria
41
respiratory system
traps breathed in foreign matter with nose hairs and mucous membranes
42
digestive system
uses acids and enzymes produces by stomach to destroy invaders
43
antigen-antibody reaction
immune reaction; involves binding antigens to antibodies, labels dangerous antigens
44
tolerance
an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
45
antibody
disease fighting protein created by immune system in response to presence of a certain antigen
46
immunoglobulins
bind with specific antigens in antigen-antibody response, secreted from plasma cells
47
phagocytes
specialized leukocytes, part of a-a reaction, destroy cell debris, dust, pollen and pathogens via phagocytosis
48
phag/o
to eat or swallow
49
phagocytosis
process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
50
monocytes
leukocytes that provide immunological defense against infection organism, when leave bloodstream they become dendritic cells and macrophage
51
macrophage
type of leukocyte that surround and kill invading cells, remove dead cells and stimulate other immune cells
52
dendritic cells
specialized leukocytes that patrol body for antigens that produce infections, when found does phagocytosis and alerts b and t cells
53
complement system
group of proteins that normally circulate in blood in inactive form, when needed they complement ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens
54
complement
to complete or make whole
55
immunity
state of being resistant to a specific disease
56
natural immunity
passive immunity; resistance without administration of an antigen or exposure to disease, present at birth
57
acquired immunity
obtained by having had a contagious disease or being vaccinated
58
allergist
specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity
59
infectious disease specialist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases caused by microorganisms
60
immunologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
61
lymphologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
62
oncologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer
63
lymphadenitis
swollen glands; inflammation of the lymph nodes
64
lymphadenopathy
any disease process affecting a lymph node(s)
65
lymphangioma
benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to congenital malformation of lymphatic system
66
ruptured spleen
medical emergency, when the covering of the spleen is torn
67
splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
68
lymphoscintigraphy
diagnostic test performed to detect damage or malformation of lymphatic vessels, radioactive substances injected and followed by scanner or probe
69
lymphedema
swelling of tissues due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within tissues, damage to lymph system prevents draining
70
primary lymphedema
hereditary condition of lymphatic system that develops with swelling in feet which moves to ankle and then up legs
71
secondary lymphedema
caused by damage to lymphatic vessels due to canter treatments, surgery or trauma
72
bioimpedance spectroscopy
noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema, measures resistance to electrical current passed through affected limb
73
allergic reaction
body's immune system reacts to harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or dander as if it were dangerous invader
74
allergy
hypersensitivity; overreaction of body to particular antigen
75
allergen
substance that produces an allergic reaction
76
systemic reaction
anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock; severe response to an allergen
77
localized allergic reaction
cellular response; redness, itching and burning where skin comes in contact with allergen
78
scratch test
diagnostic test to identify allergens such as pollen and ragweed
79
allergen-specific immunoglobulin E
blood test to determine allergy
80
antihistamine
medication administered to relieve or prevent allergy symptoms, prevent effects of histamine
81
autoimmune disorder
autoimmune disease; any of a large group od diseases characterized by a condition in which immune system produces antibodies against its own tissue
82
immunodeficiency disorder
occurs when immune response is compromised
83
severe combined immunodeficiency
inherited condition in which abnormalities in immune system cause increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive
84
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV; blood-borne infection in which virus damages or kills T cells of immune system causing it to progressively fail
85
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIDS; most advanced and fatal stage of HIV
86
opportunistic infection
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness
87
kaposis sarcoma
an opportunistic infection associated with HIV, cancer causing patches of abnormal tissue to grow under skin, in singing of mouth nose and throat or other organs
88
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; blood test sued to screen for HIV antibodies, Lyme disease and other infectious conditions
89
HIV differentiation assay
confirms positive ELISA test
90
immunotherapy
biological therapy; disease treatment that induces either stimulating or repressing the immune system, stimulates for cancer, represses for allergies
91
synthetic immunoglobulin
immune serum; used as post-exposer preventative measure against viruses, goal is to prevent disease from developing
92
synthetic interferon
used to treat MS, hepatitis C and some cancers
93
monoclonal antibodies
any of a class of antibodies produced in a lab by identical offspring of a clone of a specific cell, enhance immune response to certain malignancies ie non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
94
monoclonal
pertaining to a single clone of cells
95
antiretroviral therapy
treatment regimen; more than one drug taken in combination other than help control impact of HIV on immune system and ability to transmit disease
96
pre-exposure prophylaxis
daily preventative drug for people a thigh risk of HIV, IV drug users, homosexual men
97
post-exposure prophylaxis
people who have suspected or confirmed exposure to HIV, taken for 28 days
98
immunosuppression
treatment to press or interfere with ability of immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
99
immunosuppressant
substance that prevents of reduces body's normal immune response
100
corticosteroid drug
synthetic hormone resembling cortisol
101
cytotoxic drug
medication that kills or damages cells
102
microorganism
living organisms ate can only be seen with aid of microscope
103
bacteria
one-celled organism
104
bacilli
rod-shaped, spore forming bacteria
105
anthrax
contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bails anthraces
106
rickettsia
small bacterium that lives in fleas, lice, thicks and mites
107
rocky mountain spotted fever
rickettsia from ticks
108
spirochetes
long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria with flexible walls capable of movement
109
shigellosis
infection caused by shigella, causes diarrhea and high fever
110
Lyme disease
transmitted by tick that had contract with a deer infected with spirochete borrelia burgdeferi, causes fever, headache, fatigue, skin rash, can spread to joints, heart and nervous system
111
staphylococci
group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes
112
staphyl/o
clusters of bunches of grapes
113
staphylococcus aureus
staph aureus; form of staphylococcus that infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning
114
streptococci
bacteria that forms a chain, can causes strep throat, meningitis, endocarditis and necrotizing fasciitis
115
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
when antibodies fail to kill all of the targeted bacteria, surviving bacteria become resistant to drug
116
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
MRSA; looks like small red bumps that become abscesses, serious and difficult to treat, can be fatal
117
fungus
a simple parasitic organism
118
tine pedis
athletes' foot; fungal infection between toes
119
asbergillusis
infection caused by mold inhaled into lung
120
yeast
type of fungus
121
candidiasis
yeast infection; occurs on skin or mucous membranes cause by candida albricans, 2 types, oral thrush or vaginal candidiasis
122
giardiasis
diarrheal disease cause by Giardia, water contaminated with feces
123
parasite
plant or animal that lives on or with in another living organism at that organism expense
124
malaria
parasite from mosquitoes that causes fever, shaking, shills, headache, muscle aches and fatigue
125
toxoplasmosis
sexual transmitted disease cause by parasite luichomonas vaginalis
126
viruses
very small infectious agents that live by invading other cells
127
COVID-19
spread via droplet, airborne and contract transmission
128
coronavirus
type of virus that has crown-like structure
129
ebola
rare, fatal disease transmitted via bodily fluids, symptoms within 21 days that include high fever, vomiting and diarrhea can lead to internal bleeding and organ failure
130
measles
acute, highly contagious infection ion from rubella virus via respiratory droplets, leads to red itch each, high fever, runny nose and coughing
131
mumps
accuse viral infection characterized by swelling of parotid gland (salivary gland) located just in front of ears
132
rubella
German measles; viral infection characterized by low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes and fine pink rash
133
rabies
acute viral infection transmitted through bit or saliva of infected animal
134
west nile virus
mosquito, mild= flu like symptoms, severe= spreads to spinal cord and brain
135
zika virus
mosquito, women to fetus or sexual intercourse, can cause fever, rash and birth defects
136
cytomegalovirus
found in most bodily fluids, present as a silent infection , potentially cause serious illness
137
silent infection
no signs or symptoms of infection
138
varicella
chickenpox; caused by herpes virus varicella zoster, highly contagious, fever and rash
139
herpes zoster
shingles; acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow underlying root of inflamed nerve, reactivated chickenpox
140
postherpetic neuralgia
complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fivers have been damaged
141
infectious mononucleosis
mono; caused by Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fever, sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes
142
roseola
sixth disease; common in infants 6 months-2 years, high fever followed by rash
143
antibiotic
medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
144
bactericide
substance that causes death of bacteria ie. penicillins and cephalosporins
145
bacteriostatic
slows or stops growth of bacteria ie. tetracycline, sulfonamide, erythromycin
146
antifungal
antimycotic; an agent that destroys or inhibits growth of fungi, ie lotrimia
147
antiviral drug
used to treat viral infections or provide temporary immunity
148
oncology
study of the prevention, causes and treatment of tumors and cancer
149
tumor
neoplasm; an abnormal growth of body tissues, multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid and progressive
150
benign tumor
not a form of cancer and it not life-threatening
151
myoma
benign tissue made up of muscle tissue
152
malignant tumor
form of cancer, capable of spreading, potentially life-threatening
153
myosarcoma
malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
154
angiogenesis
process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
155
antiangiogenesis
form of treatment that disrupts blood supply to tumor
156
cancer
class of disease characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and ability of cells in invade other tissue though direct growth or by metastasizing
157
metastasize
to spread from one place to another
158
metastasis
process by which cancer is spread to a new site, latin meaning transition
159
carcinoma
malignant tumor in epithelial tissue
160
carcinoma in situ
malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissues
161
adenocarcinoma
any one of a large group of carcinomas derived form glandular tissues
162
sarcoma
malignant tumor that arises form connective tissue
163
hard-tissue sarcomas
arise from both or cartilage
164
osteosarcoma
hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves upper shaft of long bones, pelvis or knee
165
soft-tissue sarcoma
cancer of muscles, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels or supporting tissues
166
synovial sarcoma
tumor of tissue surrounding a synovial joint
167
staging
process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed and potential for its responding to therapy and patients prognosis
168
lymphoma
general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue ex. nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow
169
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's disease; cancer of the immune system distinguished by presence of large cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells, compromises ability to fight infection
170
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
more common, refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's, some are aggressive and some are indolent
171
breast cancer
developed from cells of breast, can spread to lymph nodes or other body sides, most are ER-positive (grown in response to estrogen)
172
BRCA1 and 2 genes (BReast CAncer 1 and 2)
abnormal genes that carry higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers
173
ductal carcinoma in situ
earliest stage before abnormal cells have broken through wall of milk ducts
174
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
starts in milk duct and invades fatty breast tissue, most common
175
inflammatory breast cancer
rare, aggressive form in which cancer cells block lymphatic vessel in skin of breast, grows rapidly, causes pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or rash, swelling of nearby lymph nodes
176
breast self-examination
checking for lumps or changes in existing lump, shape of nipple or skin
177
palpation of the breast
test performed by a trained health care provider to check texture, size and consistency of breast and lymph nodes
178
mammography
x-ray examination of the breasts
179
molecular breast imaging
nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in dense tissue
180
ultrasound
initial follow-up when abnormality is found
181
breast MRI
uses magnets and radio waves and insertion of contrast medium via IV
182
core needle biopsy
hollow needle used with or without ultrasound to remove small samples of breast tissue for diagnosis and treatment planning, less disfiguring than surgical biopsy
183
surgical biopsy
removal of larger piece of tissues to confirm a diagnosis
184
sentinel needle biopsy
biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells
185
lymph nodes dissection
surgical procedure in which all lymph nodes in the major group are removed to determine or slow spread of cancer
186
axillary lymph node dissection
surgical treatment of breast cancer, removes lymph nodes in armpit
187
hormone therapy
used as treatment for breast cancer is cells are ER-positive or PR-positive (has progesterone receptors), or both, decreases estrogen level or blocks receptors
188
lumpectomy
partial mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery; surgical removal of only cancerous tissue with surrounding margin of normal tissue
189
mastectomy
simple or total; surgical removal of entire breast and nipple, may remove some axillary lymph nodes under adjacent arm
190
double mastectomy
surgical removal of both breasts
191
modified radical mastectomy
surgical removal of entire breast and all axillary lymph nodes
192
immediate breast reconstruction
begins during mastectomy, expander is placed to replace tissues removed
193
delayed breast reconstruction
necessary if radiation treatment is needed after the mastectomy
194
chemotherapy
use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissue
195
chemoprevention
use of natural or synthetic substances like dunes or vitamins to decrease risk of developing cancer or decrease risk of reoccurrence
196
antineoplastic
medication that blocks development, growth or proliferation of malignant cells
197
proliferation
increases rapidly
198
cytotoxic drugs
both immunosuppressant and chemotherapy drug
199
brachytherapy
use of radioactive material in contact with or implanted into tissues to be treated
200
teletherapy
radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
201
tomotherapy
combination of radiation and tomography to precisely target tumor, delivers slice by slice to tumor to avoid healthy tissue
202
radiation therapy
goal of destroying only cancerous tissue while sparing health tissue
203
targeted therapy
developing form of drug therapy that uses drugs of other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
204
adjuvant therapy
used after primary treatments are completed to decrease the chance that the cancer will recur
205
