Chapter 11 Flashcards
sensory organs
1
Q
eyes
A
receptors organs of sigh, receive images and transmit them to the brain
2
Q
oculus
A
eye, plural is oculi
3
Q
adnexa of the eyes
A
adnexa oculi; structures outside the eye, orbit, eye muscles, eyelashes and lacrimal apparatus
4
Q
adnexa
A
accessory or adjoining anatomical parts of an organ
5
Q
eye muscles
A
superior and inferior oblique muscles, superior and inferior rectus muscles, lateral and medial rectus muscles
6
Q
binocular vision
A
when muscles of both eyes work together in coordination to make normal depth perception possible
7
Q
protect the eyeball from foreign matter, excessive light and injuries
A
upper and lower eyelids and eyebrows and eyelashes
8
Q
ocul
A
eye
9
Q
canthus
A
angle where upper and lower eyelids meet
10
Q
canth
A
corner of the eye
11
Q
cilia
A
small hairs that make up the eyebrows and eyelashes
12
Q
tarsus
A
tarsal plate; framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provide the necessary stiffness and shape
13
Q
tars
A
edge of the eyelid
14
Q
conjunctiva
A
transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and forms a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball
15
Q
lacrimal apparatus
A
tear apparatus; structures that produce, store and remove tears
16
Q
lacrimation
A
secretion of tears
17
Q
lacrimal glands
A
secrete lacrimal fluid (tear), located on the underside of each upper eyelid just above the outer corner
18
Q
lacrimal fluid
A
tears; maintain moisture on anterior surface of the eyeball
19
Q
lacrimal canal
A
consists of a duct and the inner corner of each eye, collect treats and empty them into the lacrimal sacs
20
Q
lacrimal sac
A
tear sac, enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct
21
Q
lacrimal duct
A
nasolacrimal duct; passageway that drains excess tears into the nose
22
Q
eyeball
A
globe; one-inch sphere with only about 1/6th of its surface visible
23
Q
optic
A
pertaining to the eye or sight
24
Q
opt
A
vision
25
ocular
pertaining to the eye
26
extraocular
outside the eyeball
27
intraocular
within the eyeball
28
sclera
white of the eye; maintain shape of the eye and protects delicate inner layers of tissue, though and fibrous tissue, forms outer layer of eye except part covered by the cornea
29
choroid
chore coat; opaque middle layer of eyeball, contains blood vessels and provides blood supply for entire eye
30
retina
sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye, receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve
31
anterior segment
front 1/3 of the eyeball, has anterior chamber (behind cornea but in front of iris), and posterior chamber (behind iris and in front of ligament holding lens)
32
aqueous humor
aqueous fluid; fills both chambers, helps eye maintain shape and nourishes intraocular structures, filtered and drained through trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm
33
humor
describes any clear body liquid or semifluid substance
34
intraocular pressure
measurement of fluid pressure inside the eye, regulated by rate at which the aqueous humor enters and leaves the eye
35
posterior segment
2/3 of eyeball, is lines with retina and filled with vitreous humor
36
vitreous humor
vitreous gel; soft, clear, jelly-like mass that contains fine biers that are attached tot he surface of the retina and help eye maintain shape
37
rods and cones
receive images that have passed through lens, converted into nerve impulses and transmitted to brain via optic nerve
38
rods
black and white receptors
39
cones
color receptors
40
macula
macula lutea; clearly defined light-sensitive area in the center of the retina responsible for sharp central vision
41
fovea centralis
pit in the middle of the macula, color vision best in this area, increased concentration of cones and no rods
42
optic disk
blind spot; small region in the eye where nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve, doesn't have any rods or cones to convert images
43
optic nerve
transmits nerve impulses from the retina to the brain
44
uvea
pigmented layer of the eye, has rich blood supply, consists of choroid, ciliary body and iris
45
ciliary body
located within the choroid, set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine focus of light rays on the retina, produce aqueous humor
46
iris
colorful circular structure that surrounds the pupil, muscles control amount of ight allowed to enter the eye through the pupil, contracts to decrease amount of light, relaxes/dilates to increase amount of light
47
cornea
transparent outer surface the eye covering the iris and the pupil, focus light rays
48
pupil
black circular opening in center of iris that permits light to enter the eye
49
lens
clear, flexible curved structure that focuses images on the retina
50
accommodation
process whereby the eyes makes adjustments for seeing objects at various distances
51
convergence
simultaneously inward movement of eyes toward each other, effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer
52
emmetropia
normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly
53
emmetr
in proper measure
54
refraction
refractive power; ability of lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina
55
visual acuity
ability to distinguish abject details and shape at a distance
56
acuity
sharpness
57
ophthalmologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating full spectrum of diseases and disorders of eyes, from vision correction to eye surgery
58
optometrist
doctor of optometry degree, provides primary eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions and measuring accuracy of visions to determine if corrective lenses are needed
59
optician
health care practitioner who designs, fits and dispenses lenses for vision correction
60
ptosis
blepharoptosis; dropping of upper eyelid that is usually due to muscle weakness or paralysis
61
chalazion
nodule or cyst, usually on upper eyelid, caused by obstruction of a sebaceous gland
62
hordeolum
stye; pus-filled and often painful lesion on eyelid resulting from acute infection in sebaceous gland
63
blepharitis
swelling of the eyelid, often at location of eyelash hair follicles
64
ectropian
eversion of the edge of an eyelid, lower lid
65
ec
out
66
trop
turn
67
eversion
turning outward
68
entropian
inversion of the edge of an eyelid, lower, lashes rub against cornea
69
periorbital edema
swelling of the tissue surrounding the eye(s), associated with allergic reactions, nephrotic syndrome or cellulitis
70
conjunctivitis
pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by a viral infection, allergy or irritant
71
dacryoadenitis
inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infection, redness severe pain and pressure above eye
72
dacry/o
tear
73
dacryocystitis
inflammation of the lacrimal sac usually caused by a blockage of lacrimal duct and bacterial infection
74
subconjunctival hemorrhage
bleeding between conjunctiva and sclera
75
xerophthalmia
dry eye; drying of eye surfaces because tear glands don't produce enough tears
76
uveitis
inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation
77
iritis
most common form of uveitis, affects primarily structures in front of the eye
78
corneal abrasion
injury to outer layers of cornea
79
corneal ulcer
opne sore on cornea caused by infection or injury
80
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
81
keratoconus
occurs when cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causes blurring and distorted vision
82
scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
83
anisocoria
condition in which the pupils are unequal in size
84
cataract
loss of transparency of the lens that causes progressive loss of visual clarity
85
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
86
endophthalmitis
inflammation of the intraocular fluids
87
floaters
vitreous floaters; particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous humor and cast shadows on retina
88
photopsia
flashers; presence of what appears to be flashes of light
89
miosis
contraction of the pupil
90
mydriasis
dilation of the pupil
91
nystagmus
involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
92
papilledema
choked disk; swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk, increased intracranial pressure
93
retinal detachment
detached retina, retinal tears; separation of some or all of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid
94
retinitis pigmentosa
progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision
95
retinoblastoma
eye cancer caused by abnormal growth of retinal cells
96
temporal arteritis
form of vasculitis that can caused sudden vision loss
97
glaucoma
group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages retinal nerve fivers and optic nerve
98
closed-angle glaucoma
acute glaucoma; opening between cornea and iris narrows so fluid cannot reach trabecular meshwork, increases pressure and causes severe pain, nausea, redness, and blurring vision
99
open-angle glaucoma
chronic glaucoma; most common, trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked
100
macular degeneration
gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, loss of central vision
101
dry macular degeneration
90% of AMD cases, slow deterioration of cell of macula
102
wet macular degeneration
advanced form of dry AMD, new blood vessels growing beneath the retina leak blood and fluid damaging macular cells
103
age-related macular degeneration
AMD; leading cause of severe vision loss in those over 60
104
diplopia
double vision; perception of two images of a single object
105
hemianopia
blindness in half of visual field
106
-opia
vision condition
107
nyctalopia
night blindness; individual with normal daytime vision but has difficultly seeing at night
108
photophobia
excessive sensitivity to light
109
presbyopia
condition of common changes in eyes that occur with aging
110
strabismus
eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly
111
esotropia
cross-eyes; strabismus characterized by inward deviance of one or both eyes
112
exotropia
walleye; strabismus characterized by outward deviation of one eye relative to the other
113
refractive disorder
focusing problem that occurs when lens and cornea do not bend light s that it focuses properly on the retina
114
ametropia
error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on retina
115
astigmatism
eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea
116
hyperopia
farsightedness; defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina
117
myopia
nearsightedness; defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina
118
legal blindness
some sigh remains, point at which, by law, a person is considered to be blind (20/200)
119
amblyopia
dimness of vision or partial loss of sight without detectable disease
120
scotoma
blind spot; abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by area of normal vision
121
snellen chart
measure visual acuity, 20/20 is normal, first number is standard distance from chart, second indicates deviation from norm based on ability to read progressively smaller lines
122
refraction test
determines eyes refractive error so that best corrective lenses can be prescribed
123
diopter
unit of measurement of a Len's refractive power
124
cover test
examination of how the two eyes work together, cover one eye at a time while focus on an object across the room
125
visual field testing
perimetry; determine losses in peripheral vision
126
ophthalmoscopy
funduscopy; use of ophthalmoscope to visually examine fundus (back part) of the eye
127
dilation
artificial enlargement of the pupils for ophthalmoscopy
128
mydriatic drops
placed into eyes to produce temporary paralysis focusing pupils to remain dilated even in presence of light
129
slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy
diagnostic procedure in which morrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye
130
fluorescein staining
application of fluorescent dye to surface of the eye, causes corneal abrasion to temporarily appear bright green
131
fluorescein angiography
photographic study of the blood vessels at the back of the eye following intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium
132
PERRLA
pupils are equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
133
tonometry
measurement of intraocular pressure
134
orbitotomy
surgical incision Ito the orbit
135
tarsorrhaphy
partial or complete suturing together of upper and lower eyelids to protect eye when lids are paralyzed and unable to close normally or help corneal lesions heal
136
anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) injections
intravitreal infections used to treat wet AMD by slowing growth of abnormal blood vessels
137
corneal transplant
keratoplasty; surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor
138
enucleation
removal of the eyeball, leaves eye muscles intact
139
ocular prothesis
artificial eye
140
radial keratosis
surgical procedure to treat myopia, incisions made in cornea to cause it to flatten
141
scleral buckle
silicone band or sponge used to repair a detached retina
142
vitrectomy
removal of vitreous humor and its replacement with saline solution
143
cataract surgery
general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract clouded les and its replacement with an artificial intraocular lens
144
phacoemulsification
use of ultrasonic vibrations to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract
145
intraocular lens
surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens, monofocal or multifocal
146
concave lenses
treat myopia
147
convex lenses
treat hyperopia
148
bifocals
lenses with two powers
149
trifocals
lenses with three powers
150
laser iridotomy
uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris, treat closed-angle glaucoma
151
laser trabeculoplasty
treat open-angle glaucoma by creating opening in trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly
152
LASIK
laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis; treat vision conditions, change shape of cornea
153
mileusis
carving
154
in situ
in its original place
155
photo refractive keratotomy
similar to LASIK, outer layer of cornea is removed and discarded before a laser is used to change the shape of the deep corneal layer
156
laser photocoagulation
use of a case to treat diabolical retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
157
pneumatic retinopexy
surging in which a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous cavity to put pressure on detached area in retinal detachment while it heals
158
-pexy
surgical fixation
159
ears
receptor organs of hearing, receive sound impulses and transmit them to the Brian, inner ear helps maintain balance
160
auditory
pertaining to the sense of hearing
161
acoustic
pertaining to sound or hearing
162
pinna
auricle, outer ear; external portion of the ear, captures sound waves and transmits them to the external auditory canal
163
external auditory canal
transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear
164
cerumen
earwax; secreted by ceremonious glands that line the auditory canal, traps small insects, dust, debris and some bacteria from entering the middle ear
165
tympanic membrane
eardrum; located between outer and middle ear, membrane transmits sound by vibrating
166
mastoid process
temporal bone containing hollow air space that surrounds middle ear
167
auditory ossicles
three small bones within middle ear, transmit sound waves from eardrum to inner ear by vibration; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)
168
eustachian tubes
auditory tubes; narrow tubes from middle ear to nasal cavity and throat, equalize air pressure within middle ear with that of outside atmosphere
169
inner ear
contains sensory receptor for hearing and balance, labryinth
170
oval window
located under base of stapes, membrane that separates middle ear from inner ear
171
cochlea
snail-shaped, where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses
172
organ of corti
receives vibrations from cochlear duct and relays them to auditory nerve fibers which transmit sound impulses to auditory center of brains cerebral cortex
173
semicircular canals (3)
connected to cochlea by vestibule, contains liquid endolymph and sensory hair cells, bending of hair cells in response to movement of head sets up impulses in nerve fivers to help maintain equilibrium
174
acoustic nerves
auditory nerves; transmit info to brain
175
cochlear nerves
transmit sound for hearing
176
vestibular nerves
sense balance and head position
177
air conduction
process by which sound waves enter ear through pinna and travel down external auditory canal until strike the tympanic membrane
178
bone conduction
occurs as eardrum vibrated and causes auditory ossicles to vibrate
179
sensorineural conduction
occurs when sound vibrations reach inner ear
180
audiologist
specializes in measurement of hearing function and in rehabilitation of people with hearing impairment
181
speech-language pathologist
help patients with problems related to swallowing, speech and communication disorders
182
impacted cerumen
accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to wall of the external auditory canal
183
otalgia
earache; pain in the ear
184
otitis
any inflammation of the ear
185
otitis externa
swimmer's ear; inflammation of external auditory canal
186
otomycosis
fungal infection of the external auditory canal
187
otopyorrhea
from of pus from the ear
188
otorrhea
any discharge from the ear
189
otorrhagia
bleeding from the ear
190
barotrauma
pressure-related ear condition
191
cholesteatoma
pearly tumor; destructive epidermal cyst in middle ear and/or mastoid process made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol
192
mastoiditis
inflammation of any parts of the mastoid bone
193
infectious myringitis
contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on eardrum, associated with middle ear inflection
194
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
195
acute otitis media
associated with upper respiratory infection, most common in young children, causes ruptured eardrum due to buildup of pus of fluid in middle ear
196
serous otitis media
fluid buildup in the middle ear without symptoms of infection, can follow acute or caused by dysfunction of eustachian tube
197
otosclerosis
ankylosis of boys of middle ear resulting in conductive hearing loss
198
ankylosis
fused together
199
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the labyrinth, causes vertigo and deafness
200
vertigo
sense of whirling, dizziness and loss of balance often combined with nausea and vomiting
201
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
common cause of vertigo that occurs when there is a shift in location of small crystals in the semicircular canals
202
vestibular disorders
disorders of body's balance-controlling vestibular system in inner ear
203
meniere's disease
rare, chronic disorder in which amount of fluid in inner ear increases intermittently, causes attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss and tinnitus
204
tinnitus
condition of ringing, buzzing or raring sound in one or both ears, associated with hearing loss
205
acoustic neuroma
benign brain tumor that develops adjacent to cranial nerve running from inner ear to brain causing hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus
206
deafness
complete or partial loss of ability to hear
207
presbycusis
gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as body ages
208
conductive hearing loss
when sound waves are prevented from passing from air to fluid-filed inner ear
209
sensorineural hearing loss
nerve deafness; when auditory nerve or hear cells in inner ear are damaged
210
noise-induced hearing loss
type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises
211
decibel
measurement of loudness of sound
212
audiological evaluation
speech audiometry; measurement of ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on pitch and loudness
213
audiogram
represent ability to hear a variety of sounds at various level
214
audiometry
use of audiometer to measure hearing acuity
215
audiometer
electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a set frequency and intensity
216
hertz
measure of sound frequency that determines how high/low a pitch is
217
otoscope
instrument used to examine external ear canal
218
pneumatic otoscope
has attachment of a bulb filled with air, during exam, bulb is pressed to visualize whether or not tympanic membrane is immobile
219
monaural testing
involves one ear
220
binaural testing
involves both ears
221
tympanometry
used of air pressure in ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear, creates tympanogram
222
acoustic reflectometry
measures how much sound is reflected back from eardrum, tests how much fluid is in the middle ear to diagnose otitis media
223
weber and rinne tests
use tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
224
otoplasty
surgical repair, restoration or alteration of pinna
225
ear pinning
cosmetic surgery, brings protruding ears closer to head
226
ear tubes
tympanostomy tubes; tiny, ventilating tubes placed through eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure
227
mastoidectomy
surgical removal of part of the mastiff process, located mastoiditis
228
myringotomy
small surgical incision into eardrum to relieve pressure for excessive puss/fluid or create an opening for ear tubes
229
stapedectomy
surgical removal of the stapes bone and insertion of small prosthetic device to conduct sound vibrations to inner ear
230
tympanoplasty
surgical correction of a hole in the eardrum, cure chronic inflammation or restore function
231
labryinthectomy
surgical removal of all or a portion of labyrinth, relieve uncontrolled vertigo, causes complete hearing loss
232
vestibular rehabilitation therapy
form of physical therapy designed to treat a wide variety of balance disorders
233
assistive listening device
transmits, processes or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid, helps eliminate background noise
234
cochlear implant
electronic device that bypasses damaged portions f the ear and directly stimulates auditory nerve
235
analog hearing aid
external electronic device that uses a microphone detect and amplify sounds
236
digital hearing aid
uses computer chip to convert incoming sound into a code that can be filtered before being amplified, compensate for specific type of hearing loss
237
hearing aids are worn
behind the ear, in the ear, in the canal, or completely in the canal
238
bone-anchored hearing aid
surgically implanted behind the ear and uses bone conduction from an external sound processor to transmit sounds to the cochlea
239
gonioscopy
visual examination to measure angles
