Chapter 13 Flashcards
endocrine system
1
Q
endocrine system
A
produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis
2
Q
homeostasis
A
process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
3
Q
hormones
A
chemical messages that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into bloodstream, each has specialized functions in regulating activities of cells, organs, or both
4
Q
endocrine glands
A
produce hormones, do not have ducts
5
Q
endo-
A
within
6
Q
-crine
A
to secrete
7
Q
pituitary gland
A
hypophysis; pea-sized gland divided into two parts, anterior and posterior lobes, which hang from a stalk-like structure located below the hypothalamus; secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands, acts in response to neurohormones secreted by the hypothalamus
8
Q
adrenocorticotopic hormone
A
stimulus the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex; anterior pituitary lobe
9
Q
adren/o
A
adrenal
10
Q
cortic/o
A
cortex
11
Q
trop
A
change
12
Q
follicle-stimulating hormone
A
stimulates secretion of estrogen and secretion of ova for females and sperm for men; anterior pituitary lobe
13
Q
growth hormone
A
somatotropic hormone; regulates growth of bone, muscle and other body tissues; anterior pituitary lobe
14
Q
lactogenic hormone
A
prolactin; stimulated and maintains secretion of breast milk after childbirth; anterior pituitary lobe
15
Q
somat/o
A
body
16
Q
lact/o
A
milk
17
Q
gen
A
producing
18
Q
luteinizing hormone
A
stimulates ovulation in females, secretion of testosterone in males; anterior pituitary lobe
19
Q
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
A
increases production of melanin in melanocytes causing darkening of skin pigmentation
20
Q
thyroid-stimulating hormone
A
stimulates secretion of hormones by thyroid gland; anterior pituitary gland
21
Q
antidiuretic hormone
A
secreted by hypothalamus and stored in pituitary, helps control blood pressure by decreasing amount of water excreted through kidneys; posterior pituitary lobe
22
Q
oxylocin
A
stimulated uterine contractions during childbirth, controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates flow of mild after, Pitocin; posterior pituitary lobe
23
Q
pineal gland
A
pineal body; very small, located in central portion of brain, sleep-wakefulness cycle
24
Q
melatonin
A
influences sleep-wakefulness portions of circadian cycle
25
circadian cycle
biological function that occurs within a 24-hour period
26
thyroid gland
butterfly-shaped, lies on either side of larynx just below thyroid cartilage; regulates body's metabolism, influence growth and functioning of nervous system, secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine
27
calcitonin
produced by thyroid gland, works with parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium level in the blood and tissues by moving it to storage in bones and teeth
28
parathyroid gland
size of a grain of rice, embedded in posterior surface of the thyroid gland; regulates calcium levels throughout body, important to smooth functioning of muscles and nervous system
29
parathyroid hormone
works with calcitonin, regulate calcium levels ini blood and tissues
30
thymus
near midline in anterior portion of the thoracic cavity, posterior to sternum, slightly superior to heart; immune system, development of immune system before birth and in childhood
31
pancreas
feather-shaped organ posterior to stomach, functions as part of digestive and endocrine systems; control blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism throughout body
32
pancreatic islets
parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
33
islet
small isolated mass, or island, of one type of tissue within a large mass of a different type
34
glucose
blood sugar; basic form of energy used by body
35
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose, stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose
36
gluc/o, glyc/o
glucose or sugar
37
insulin
secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose, allows glucose to enter cells to be used as energy, stimulates liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage
38
adrenal glands
suprarenal; located on top of each kidney, consists of adrenal cortex (outer portion) and adrenal medulla (middle portion); controls electrolyte levels in body, regulate metabolism and interacting with sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
39
electrolytes
mineral substances -calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium- that are normally found in blood and other bodily fluids
40
androgens
sex hormones secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex and fat cell; promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics ex testosterone
41
corticosteroids
steroid hormones produces by adrenal cortex
42
aldosterone
corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidneys
43
reabsorption
returning a substance to the bloodstream
44
cortisol
hydrocortisone; corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory action, helps regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, release glucose, limit release of insulin
45
epinephrine
adrenaline; stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to injury or stress; heart beats faster, increases blood pressure
46
norepinephrine
hormone (adrenal medulla) and neurohormone (sympathetic nervous system), fight-or-flight response, increase blood pressure, strengthening heartbeat and stimulating muscle contractions
47
gonads
gamete-producing glands, secrete hormones responsible for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
48
precocious puberty
early onset changes of puberty, before 8 in girls and 9 in boys
49
estrogen
secreted by ovaries, development and maintenance of female second sex characteristics and regulations of menstrual cycle
50
progesterone
hormone release in 2nd half of menstrual cycle by corpus luteum in ovaries, completes preparations uterus for possible pregnancy
51
gamete
reproductive cell
52
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
53
testosterone
steroid hormone secreted by testicles and adrenal cortex and stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics
54
steroids
large family of hormones derived from cholesterol
55
anabolic steroids
man-made, chemically related to male sex hormones, treat hormones problems and replace muscle mass lost by disease
56
leptin
secreted by fat cells, regulation of appetite, suppress appetite
57
ghrelin
hunger hormone; produced in gi tract
58
neurohormones
produced and released by neurons in brain and delivered to organs and tissues by bloodstream
59
endocrinologist
physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
60
certified diabetes educator
health care professional qualifies to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
61
acromegaly
rare hormone disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
62
gigantism
abnormal growth of entire body caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
63
hyperpituitarism
excess secretion of growth hormone that causes both acromegaly and gigantism
64
hypopituitarism
condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone
65
pituitary adenoma
pituitary tumor; slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland
66
functional pituitary tumors
produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts
67
galactorrhea
condition in which an excess of prolactin causes breast to produce milk spontaneously
68
prolactinoma
benign functional pituitary tumor, causes pituitary gland to produce too much lactogenic hormone, leads to infertility, erectile dysfunction, and impair vision
69
diabetes insipidus
uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone ADH or inability of kidneys to respond appropriately to hormone
70
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
overproduction of ADH, result of cancer or its treatment, keep kidneys from excreting water which leads to bloating and water retention
71
pinealoma
tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin, disrupts circadian cycle, leads to insomnia
72
thyroid carcinoma
most common cancer of endocrine system
73
hypothyroidism
underachieve thyroid; caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion
74
Hashimoto's disease
Hashimoto's thyroiditis; autoimmune disease where body's own antibodies attack and destroy cells of thyroid gland
75
cretinism
congenital form of hypothyroidism
76
myxedema
adult hypothyroidism; extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
77
hyperthyroidism
thyrotoxicosis; overproduction of thyroid hormones causes an imbalance of metabolism
78
grave's disease
disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
79
goiter
thyromegaly; abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland
80
exophthalmus
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
81
thyroid nodules
lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause goiter, most are benign
82
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes hypercalcemia
83
hypoparathyroidism
caused by insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone, causes hypocalcemia or tetany
84
tetany
condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors
85
hypercalcemia
characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in blood instead of being stored in bones and teeth
86
hypocalcemia
characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in blood
87
myasthenia gravis
characterized by an abnormally large thymus with or without thymoma
88
thymoma
tumor on the thymus
89
insulinoma
benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin causing hypoglycemia
90
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
91
hyperglycemia
abnormally high concentrations of glucose in the blood, in patients with diabetes mellitus, polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
92
polydipsia
excessive thirst
93
polyphagia
excessive hunger
94
polyuria
excessive urination
95
hyperinsulinism
condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream, causes hypoglycemia
96
hypoglycemia
abnormally low concentration of glucose in blood
97
diabetes mellitus
most common endocrine system disease, is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects of body's production of insulin or its ability to use it properly
98
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune deficiency disorder caused by destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
99
insulin deficiency
the pancreatic beta cells do not secrete enough insulin
100
treatment of type 1
combination of diet, exercise and carefully regulated insulin replacement therapy administered by injection or insulin pump
101
insulin pump
delivers insulin continuously into subcutaneous tissue in abdomen
102
type 2 diabetes
an insulin resistant disorder
103
insulin resistance
insulin is being produced but body dose not use it effectively
104
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
type 1 diabetes develops in adults
105
gestational diabetes mellitus
form of diabetes mellitus with onset occurring around 24th week of approximately 2-10% of pregnancies
106
diabetic coma
caused by very high or very low blood glucose resulting in stupor or coma
107
diabetic ketoacidosis
life-threatening diabetes complication caused by build up of acids in the blood
108
severe hypoglycemia
insulin shock, diabetic shock, insulin reaction; caused by very low blood glucose levels
109
diabolical retinopathy
when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina
110
heart disease
occurs because excess blood glucose makes walls of the blood vessels sticky and rigid, encourages hypertension and atherosclerosis
111
ketosis
normal metabolic processes that helps the body utilizes stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking
112
kidney disease
can lead to renal failure because damage to blood vessels reduces blood flow through kidneys
113
peripheral neuropathy
damage to nerves affecting hands and feet which makes It harder to feel a cut or injury
114
Addison's disease
occurs when adrenal glands do not produce enough of hormones cortisol or aldosterone, potentially life-threatening characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low blood pressure and weight loss
115
adrenalitis
inflammation of one or both adrenal glands
116
aldosteronism
abnormality of electrolyte balance that is cause by excessive secretion of aldosterone
117
Cushing's syndrome
hypercortisolism; prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, round red "moon" face
118
hypergonadism
condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands, increase libido, early onset puberty
119
hypogonadism
more common than hyper-, characterized by deficient secretion of hormones by sex glands, decrease libido, infertility, decrease sperm count, ED
120
gynecomastia
condition of excessive mammary development in males, caused by either increase estrogen or decrease testosterone
121
radioactive iodine uptake test
uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid functions
122
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of TSH, detect abnormal thyroid activity
123
fasting blood sugar
fasting plasma glucose test; measure blood glucose levels ofter patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours
124
organ glucose tolerance testing
performed to diagnose type 2 or gestational diabetes, fast for at least 8 hours, has baseline blood draw then drinks liquid containing high concentrations of sugar and blood glucose, tested after 1 and 2 hours
125
home blood glucose monitoring
measure current blood glucose level suing a drop of blood, done multiple times a day
126
continuous glucose monitoring
method of tracking glucose level 24 hours a day through tiny sensor instead under the skin on abdomen or arm
127
hemoglobin A1c testing
HbA1c; blood test that measure average blood glucose level over previous 3-4 months
128
fructosamine testing
measures average glucose level over previous 3 weeks
129
human growth hormone
synthetic version of growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when natural supply is insufficient for normal development
130
hypophysectomy
surgical removal of the pituitary gland
131
hypophys
pituitary gland
132
antithyroid drug
medication administered to slow ability of thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
133
radioactive iodine treatment
oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, disables at least part of thyroid
134
lobectomy
surgical removal of one loss of the thyroid gland
135
thyroid replacement therapy
use of synthetic thyroid hormone to replace lost thyroid function
136
pararthryroidectomy
surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid gland, control hyperparathyroidism or remove tumors
137
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
138
pancreatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
139
total pancreatectomy
treat pancreatic cancer, also removes spleen, gallbladder, common bile duct and portions of small intestine and stomach
140
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove on or both adrenal glands
141
cortisone
synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by adrenal glands
142
prednisone
administered with cortisone to suppress inflammation annas an immunosuppressant
143
epinephrine autoinjector
EpiPen; injects a measure dose of epinephrine
