Chapter 3 Flashcards
skeletal system
1
Q
skeletal systems
A
bones, bone marrow, cartilage, ligaments, synovial membranes, synovial fluid and bursae; forms framework of body, supports and protects internal organs, has calcium, joints work with muscle, ligaments and tendons to move body
2
Q
ossification
A
3 months after birth, turning fragile membranes and cartilage into bone
3
Q
osteoclast
A
cells that break down old or damaged bone
4
Q
bone
A
form of connective tissue, 2nd hardest; capable of growth, healing, and reshaping itself
5
Q
periosteum
A
tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost coving of the bone
6
Q
peri
A
surrounding
7
Q
oste/o
A
bone
8
Q
compact bone
A
cortical bone; hard and very strong bone that forms protective outer layer, makes up 75% of bone matter
9
Q
spongy bone
A
cancellous bone; porous, lighter and weaker than compact bone, red bone marrow is in, located at ends and inner portion of long bones, pelvic bone, ribs and vertebrae
10
Q
long bones
A
major bones of arms and legs ie. femur, humerus
11
Q
short bones
A
roughly sub shaped, made of spongy bone covered with a layer of compact bone; wrists and ankles
12
Q
medullary cavity
A
central cavity located in shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact, has red and yellow bone marrow
13
Q
medullary
A
pertaining to the inner section
14
Q
endosteum
A
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
15
Q
end
A
within
16
Q
red bone marrow
A
within spongy bone; hematopoietic tissue that manufacture red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
17
Q
hematopoietic / hemopoietic
A
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
18
Q
hemat/o
A
blood
19
Q
-poietic
A
pertaining to formation
20
Q
yellow bone marrow
A
fat storage area; composed of fat cells, located in medullary cavity of long bones
21
Q
cartilage
A
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue, acts as shock absorbers, more elastic; ears and tip of nose
22
Q
articular cartilage
A
covers surfaces of bones where they articulate (come together) to form joints makes smooth join movement possible and protects bones from rubbing against each other
23
Q
meniscus
A
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as knees and temporomandibular joint of jaw
24
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of long bone
25
epiphyses
wider ends of long bone such as femurs, covered with articular cartilage to protect
26
proximal epiphysis
end of bone nearest midline
27
distal epiphysis
end of bone farthest from midline
28
foramen
opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass; spinal cord passes through foramen magnum of occipital bone in skull
29
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachments point for muscles and tendons
30
mastoid process
bony projection located on temporal bones just behind ears
31
joints
articulations; place of union between two or more bones, classified by construction or degree of movement
32
fibrous joints
sutures; consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold bones tightly together, little to no movement
33
fontanelles
soft spots; present on skull of newborn, facilitate passage of infant through birth canal, allow for growth of skull during first year, as matures, sutures close and fontanelles gradually harden
34
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage; ribs to sternum
35
pubic symphysis
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth, between pubic bones in anterior of pelvis
36
synovial joint
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions, described based on type of motion
37
ball-and-socket joint
hips, shoulders; allow a wide range of movement in many directions
38
hinge joint
knees, elbows; synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
39
synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surround the joint
40
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
41
synovial fluid
flows within synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement possible
42
ligaments
bands of fibrous tissues that forms joints by connecting one bone to another or bone to cartilage, complex hinge joins (knees) are made up of a series of ligaments that permit movement in different directions
43
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, in elbow, shoulder, knee where tendons pass over a bone
44
human skeleton
~206 bones, based off age 350-206, divided into axil and appendicular skeletal systems
45
axil skeleton
protects major organs of nervous, respiratory and circulatory system, 80 bones; bones of skull, ossicles of middle ear, hyoid bone on through between chin and thyroid, rib cage and vertebral column
46
appendicular skeleton
makes bones movement possible and protect organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction 126 bones
47
upper extremities
shoulder, arms, forearms, wrists and hands
48
lower extremities
hips, thighs, legs, ankles and feet
49
appendage
anything attached to a major part of the body
50
appendicular
referring to an appendage
51
extremity
terminal end of a body part
52
skull
8 bones form cranium, 14 bones form face, 6 bones in middle ear
53
cranium
portion of skull that encloses and protects the brain
54
crani
skull
55
frontal bone
anterior, forehead, houses frontal sinuses, roof to ethmoid sinuses, nose and part of socket that protects the eyeball
56
parietal bone
two largest bones of skull, form roof and upper sides of cranium
57
temporal bones
sides and base of cranium (2)
58
external auditory meatus
opening of external auditory canal of outer ear, within temporal bone
59
meatus
external opening of canal
60
sphenoid bone
irregular wedge-shaped bone at base of skull, makes contact with all other cranial bones and helps form base of cranium, sides of skull and floors and sides of eye socket
61
ethmoid bone
light, spongy bones at roofs and sides of nose, separates nasal cavity from brain, forms portion of orbits
62
orbit
bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
63
auditory ossicles
three tiny bones located in middle ear; mallus, incus and stapes
64
nasal bones (2)
form upper part of bridge of nose
65
zygomatic bones (2)
cheekbones; articulate with frontal bone that makes up forehead
66
maxillary bones (2)
maxillas; form most of upper jaw
67
palatine bones (2)
form axillary part of hard palate of mouth and floor of nose
68
lacrimal bones (2)
make up part of the orbital at inner angle
69
inferior conchae (2)
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of interior of the nose
70
vomer bone
forms base for nasal septum
71
nasal septum
cartilage wall that divides two nasal cavities
72
mandible
jawbone; only movable bone of skull, attached to skull at temporomadibular joint
73
thoracic cavity
rib cage; protects heart and lungs, consists of ribs, sternum, and upper portion of spinal column
74
ribs
12 pairs; costals; attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
75
cost
rib
76
true ribs
1-7, attach anteriorly to sternum
77
false ribs
8-10, attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
78
floating ribs
11-12, only attached posteriorly to vertebrae and not anteriorly to anything
79
sternum
breast bone; flat, dagger-shaped bone located in middle of chest, joins with ribs to form from to rib cage
80
manubrium
bony structure that forms upper portion of sternum
81
body of sternum
gladiolus; forms middle portion of sternum
82
xiphoid process
structure made of cartilage that forms protective lower portion of sternum
83
xiphoid
"straight sword", Greek
84
pectoral girdle
shoulder girdle; shoulder form, supports arms and hands
85
girdle
refers to structure that encircles that body
86
clavicle
collar bone; slender bone that connects manubrium of sternum to scapula
87
scapula
shoulder bone
88
acromion
extension of scapula that forms high point of shoulder
89
humerus
bone of upper arm
90
radius
smaller and shorter bone in forearm, runs up thumb side of forearms
91
ulna
longer and larger bone in forearm, proximal end articulates with distal end of humerus to form elbow joint
92
olecranon
funny bone; large proximal tip of ulna, forms point of the elbow and exposes a nerve
93
carpals (8)
bones that form wrist, form narrow body passage known as carpal tunnel, median nerve and tendons of fingers pass through tunnel to reach hand
94
metacarpals (5)
bones that form palms of hands
95
phalanges (14)
bones of finger; 3 in each of the four fingers (distal, middle, proximal), 2 in thumb (distal, proximal)
96
spinal column
vertebral column; protects spinal cord and supports head and body, consists of 26 vertebrae
97
vertebral
pertaining to vertebrae
98
body of vertebra
anterior portion of vertebra, solid to provide strength
99
lamina
posterior portion of vertebra, transverse and spinous processes extend to serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
100
vertebral foramen
opening in middle of vertebra; allows spinal cord to pass through and protects
101
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage and pads of tissue, separates and suctions vertebra from each other and allows for movement of spinal column
102
nucleus polposus
inner core of spinal column, made of soft, gelatinous material that allows disks to act as shock absorbers
103
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7; form the neck
104
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12; each has a Paris of ribs attached to it, form outward curve of spine
105
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5; form inward curve of lower spine, largest and strongest, bear most of body's weight
106
cervical
pertaining to the neck
107
thoracic
pertaining to the thoracic cavity
108
lumbar
relating to part of back and sides between ribs and pelvis
109
sacrum
slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near base of spine that forms lower portion back; at birth the sacrum is 5 bones that fuse into 1
110
coccyx
tailbone; end of spine, four small vertebrae entirely or partially fused
111
pelvis
bony pelvis; protects internal organs and supports lower extremities, sacrum, coccyx and pelvic girdle form cup-shaped ring of bone at lower end of trunk consisting of ilium, ischium and pubis
112
ilium
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
113
sacroiliac
slightly moveable articulation between sacrum, and posterior portion of ilium
114
sacr/o
sacrum
115
ili
ilium
116
ischium
forms lower posterior portion of pubic bone, bears body weight when sitting
117
pubis
forms anterior portion of pubic bone, located just below urinary bladder
118
pubic bone
left and right; ilium, ischium and pubis, separate at birth then use by pubic symphysis
119
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that united left and right pubic bones
120
symphysis
place where two bones are closely joined
121
acetabulum
hip socket; large circular cavity in each side of pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
122
femur
thigh bones; largest bone in body
123
femoral
pertaining to the femur
124
head of femur
articulates with acetabulum
125
femoral neck
narrow area just below head
126
patella
knee cap; bony anterior portion of the knee
126
poptiteal
describes posterior space behind the knee where ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to the joint are located
127
tibia
shin bones larger anterior weight-bearing bone of lower leg
128
fibula
smaller of two lower leg bones
129
ankle
joint that connects lower left and foot and makes necessary movement possible
130
tarsal (7)
each ankle has, larger than wrist bones
131
malleolus
rounded body projection on tibia and fibula on sides of ankle joint
132
talus
ankle bone that articulates with tibia and fibula
133
calcaneous
heel bone; largest of the tarsal bones
134
metatarsals (5)
form part of the foot to which toes are attached
135
phalanges
bones of toes, great toe as 2, others have 3
136
chiropractor
Doctor of Chiropractic degree; specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from spine misalignment
137
manipulative treatment
manually adjusting position of bones
138
orthopedic surgeon
orthopedist; physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases or disorders involving bones, joints and muscles
139
osteopath
Doctor of Osteopathy degree; traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
140
podiatrist
Doctor of podiatry degree; specialized in diagnosing and treating disorder of the feet
141
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in diagnoses and treatment of arthritis and disorders like osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis characterized by inflammation in joints and connective tissue
142
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure
143
ankyl
crooked, bent or stiff
144
mobility
being capable of movement
145
adhesive capsulitis
frozen shoulder; painful ankylosis of the shoulder, cause by adhesions forming in synovial capsule surrounding shoulder making joint thicker and tighter
146
capsul
little box
147
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints
148
arthr/o
joint
149
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
150
baker's cyst
popliteal cyst; fluid-filled sac behind the knee, results from condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering production of excess synovial fluid
151
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
152
bur
bursa
153
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of the cartilage
154
chondr/o
cartilage
155
-malacia
abnormal softening
156
costochondritis
inflammation of cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
157
hallux valgus
bunion; abnormal enlargement of joint at base of great toe; inherited defect, arthritis, footwear
158
hallux
big toe
159
valgus
bent
160
hemarthrosis
blood within joint; joint injury, spontaneously if taking blood-thinners, or have hemophilia
161
hem/o
blood
162
polymyaliga rheumatica
inflammatory disorder of muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in neck, shoulder, supper arms, hips and thighs
163
poly
many
164
my/o
muscle
165
rheumatism
absolute term of arthritis and other disorder causing joint pain
166
sprain
occurs when a ligament that connects bones in a joint is wrenched or torn
167
synovitis
inflammation of synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain in affected joints, caused by arthritis, infection or irritation produced by damaged cartilage
168
synov
synovial membrane
169
dislocation
luxation; total displacement of a bone from its joint
170
subloxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
171
arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
172
osteoarthritis
wear-and-tear arthritis; most commonly associated with aging, degenerative joint disease, hypertrophy of bone and formation of osteophytes (bone spurs)
173
spondyl
vertebrae
174
degenerative
breaking down or impairment of a body part
174
spondylosis
spinal osteoarthritis; causes the loss of normal spinal structure and function
175
gout
gouty arthritis; type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in joints, hot, red and excruciatingly sensitive; caused by an increase in uric acid in blood, medications, alcohol consumption, diet and/or disease
176
pseudogout
arthritis commonly affecting knees or wrists, buildup of calcium pyrophosphate crystals
177
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints and some organs are attacked, progressively attacks synovial membrane that then becomes inflamed ant thickened making joints swollen, painful and immobile
178
ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis causing inflammation of joints between the vertebrae, can cause fusing, limited mobility and decreased lung capacity
179
ankylosing
progressive stiffening of joint or joints
180
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
autoimmune disorder affecting kids 16 and under, causes stiffness, pain, joint swelling, rash, fever, slowed growth and fatigue, many outgrow it
181
herniated disk
ruptured or slipped disk; breaking apart of intervertebral disk resulting in bulge that puts pressure of spinal nerve roots
181
psoriatic arthritis
inflammatory form of arthritis developed by 20% of all people with psoriasis
182
lumbago
low back pain; general term for pain in lumbar region of spine
183
-ago
diseased condition
184
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of body of one lower lumbar vertebrae or scrum below it
185
-listhesis
slipping
186
spina bifida
congenital defect that occurs early in pregnancy when spinal canal fails to close completely around spinal cord to protect it
187
spina
pertaining to the spine
188
bifida
split
189
kyphosis
hunchback; abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine, caused by the weakening of bones due to aging
190
lordosis
swayback; abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine
191
lord
bent backward
192
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, during pre-puberty growth spurt
193
scoli
curved
194
avascular necrosis
osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, common in people aged 30-50, caused by trauma, alcohol consumption, and excessive steroid use
195
a-
without
196
vascul
blood vessels
197
necrosis
tissue death
198
osteitis
inflammation of a bone
199
osteomalacia
adult rickets; abnormal softening of bones in adults, caused by vitamin D deficiency
200
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone, caused by a bacterial infection that spread from another part of the body
201
meyl
bone marrow
202
paget's disease
chronic bone disease of unknown cause, abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine and legs
203
periostitis
inflammation of periosteum, associated with shin splints
204
radiculopathy
pinched nerve; caused by compression of a nerve is the spine, cause pain, numbness or weakness along nerve path
205
rickets
children, characterized by defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D needed to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in bones
206
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the space within spine, potentially putting pressure of nerve and spinal cord that can cause pain
207
short stature
dwarfism; failure of bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to head and trunk
208
clubfoot
talipes; any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
209
primary bone cancer
relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in bone
210
secondary bone cancer
bone metastasis; when cancer cells metastasize (spread) to bones from other organs
211
multiple myeloma
occurs in blood-making plasma cells found in red bone marrow, most common in African Americans, weaken bones and can impact other body systems like kidneys
212
osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered with cartilage
213
por
small opening
214
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density, has greater risk of developing osteoporosis; age smacking drinking, steroid use, and a decrease in calcium cause
215
compression fracture
occurs when bone is pressed together on itself, spontaneous collapse of vertebrae creates pain shorter stature and lyphosis
216
colles fracture
broken wrist; lower end of radius, often when trying to stop a fall by landing on hands
217
osteoporotic hip fracture
broken hip; caused by weakening of bones due to osteoporosis, causes loss of function, mobility, and independence or death
218
osteoporotic
pertaining to or cause by porous condition of bones
219
fracture
broken bones; describe in terms of its complexity
220
closed fracture
simple/complete fracture; bone is broken, but there is no open wound in skin
221
open fracture
compound fracture; bone is broken and there is an open wound in skin
222
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
223
comminuted
crushed into small pieces
224
incomplete fracture
bone does not break into two separate parts
225
greenstick fracture
one side of bone is broken, other is bent
226
buckle fracture
torus fracture; affected side of bone is compressed and buckles but does not break
227
oblique fracture
occurs at angle across bone
228
pathologic fracture
bone breaker under normal strain, due to bone being weakened by osteoporosis or disease
229
spiral fracture
complete fracture in which bone has been twisted apart
230
stress fracture
overuse injury, small crack in bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact
231
transverse fracture
occurs straight across, perpendicular to bone shaft
232
fat embolus
form when a long bone is fractured due to accident or surgery and fat cells of yellow bone marrow get into blood
233
embolus
any foreign matter circulating in blood than can become lodged and block blood vessels
234
embolism
blockage of a blood vessel
235
crepitation
crepitus; grating sound heard when ends of broken bone move together, any unusual crackling sound of sensation
236
callus
forms as bone heals, bulging deposit around area of break, tissue eventually become bone
237
x-ray imaging
radiography; uses form of electromagnetic radiation to create x-rays, images help visualize fracture and other abnormalities of hard-tissue internal structures
238
arthroscopy
visual examination of internal structure of a joint, knee and shoulder arthroscopy also refers to minimally invasive surgery
239
arthroscope
instrument used during an arthroscopy
240
bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or number of red blood cell or white blood cell counts found in blood count test
241
bone marrow aspiration
use of syringe to withdraw tissue from red bone marrow, diagnostic or medical procedures ie stem cell transplantation
242
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
used to image soft tissue structures, complex joint interiors
243
bone density
measures amount of mineral in bones compared with established norm, usually hips and spine
244
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening test for osteoporosis and other condition that cause loss of bone density, sound waves used to take measurement of calcaneous bone
245
dual x-ray absurptiometry
low-exposure radiographic measurement of spine and hips to measure bone density, more accurate
246
bisphosphates
class of drugs used to slow loss of bone density due to osteoporosis, reducing risk of broken bones
247
hormone replacement therapy
used in shop term to maintain bone density in women with risk for bone loss after menopause
248
bone marrow transplant
stem cell transplant used to treat certain types of cancer is leukemia and lymphomas, initially both cancer cells and bone marrow is destroyed with radiation and chemotherapy and replaced with healthy bone marrow stem cells infused in blood that migrate to spongy bone where they multiply to form cancer-free red bone marrow, stem cells eventually develop into blood cells
249
allogenic bone marrow transplant
health bone marrow cells form donor put into patients, can use frozen umbilical cord blood
250
allogenic
originating within another
251
autologous bone marrow transplant
patient receives own bone marrow cells that have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before remaining bone marrow in body undergoes treatment
252
autologous
originating within an individual
253
peripheral blood stem cell transplant
utilized blood-forming stem cells, after removed and stored are returned
254
orthotic
mechanical appliance which is specifically designed to support, control, or compensate for impaired limb function
255
prothesis
substitute for disease or missing body part
256
ACL reconstruction
surgery to replace torn anterior cruciate ligament in knee
257
arthrodesis
surgical ankylosis; surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen joint, used to treat sever arthritis or damaged joint
258
arthroscopic surgery
minimally invasive procedure for treatment of interior of a joint
259
bone grafting
surgical procedure using transplanted bone to repair and rebuild damaged bone; allograft and autograft
260
synovectomy
surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint to repair damage cause by rheumatoid arthritis or other inflammatory processes
261
arthroplasty
surgical repair, resurfacing, or replacement of a damaged joint
262
implant
joint replacement part
263
total knee replacement/arthroplasty
all parts of the knee are replaced
264
partial knee replacement
part of knee is replaced, medial or lateral parts or patella, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are preserved
265
total hip replacement/arthroplasty
restore damaged hip to full function, plastic liner with metal shell in acetabulum to restore smooth surface, head of femur replace with metal or ceramic ball
266
hip resurfacing arthroplasty
place metal cap over head of femur
267
shoulder replacement surgery
replaces top of humerus with metal ball and damaged part of socket with plastic prosthesis
268
replacement/revision surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
269
amputation
surgical or accidental removal of a limb
270
percutaneous discectomy
treat herniated disk, then tube is inserted through the skin to remove fragment of disk compressing nerve
271
percutaneous
preformed through the skin
272
percutaneous vertebroplasty
osteoporosis-related compression fracture, minimally invasive bone cement injected to stabilize compression fractures in spinal column
273
laminectomy
decompression surgery; surgical removal of lamina, relieve pressure on spinal cord by enlarging spinal canal
274
spinal fusion
immobilize part of spine by joining together 2 or more vertebrae
275
decompressive craniotomy
surgical removal or portion of skull, relieve increased intercranial pressure due to welling
276
intercranial pressure
pressure inside skull
277
craniotomy
surgical incision/opening into skull, gain access to brain to remove tumor, relieve pressure or other surgical procedures
278
osteotomy
surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone
279
closed reduction
manipulative; attempted non-surgical realignment of bone involved in fracture or joint dislocation
280
open reduction
surgical procedure to realign bone parts
281
immobilization
stabilization; act of bonding, suturing, or fastening bone in fixed position with strapping or cast
282
traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in distal direction in effort to return bone/joint to normal alignment
283
external fixation
pins placed through soft tissues and bone so external appliance can be used to hold pieces of bone in place while healing, removed after healing
284
internal fixation
open reduction internal fixation; plate or pines are placed directly into bone to hold broken pieces in place, usually not removed after fracture has healed
