Chapter 8 Flashcards
What are the three main components of an analog video surveillance system?
Camera, transmission cable, monitor.
What are the components of a digital video surveillance system?
Camera, digital transmission or network, personal computer with viewing software.
How many vertical lines does the PAL standard have?
625 vertical lines.
What is the purpose of defining each camera’s purpose in a video surveillance system?
To determine the number of cameras needed.
What is the main characteristic of NTSC according to the course notes?
It has _____ fields per second.
It has 60 fields per second.
What type of cabling is recommended for distances over 2500 ft. in video surveillance systems?
Fiber optic cabling.
In analog video surveillance, what does an Analog Video Amplifier do?
Allows video signals to be sent over long distances.
What does a Manual Iris Lens do?
Allows the video signal to remain constant regardless of varying light conditions.
How does Masking work in video surveillance?
Divides the video scene using OG
And programs certain A to be ig
Divides the video scene using overlay grids and programs certain areas to be ignored.
What is the purpose of Privacy Blocking/Image Protection technology?
To black out a portion of the image scene to preserve privacy in surveillance.
Define Autofocus in cameras.
Camera’s ability to automatically focus on a scene or moving target.
Explain Enhanced (Super) Dynamics in cameras.
A_____ E_______B_____ compensation that
D_____S______ images for b____ q______
Analog electronic backlight compensation that double-scans images for better quality.
What are the advantages of Internet Protocol (IP) cameras?
Measure R in CIF,
Can be ED for C w/in the C
Measure resolution in CIF, can be ‘edge’ devices for computing within the camera.
How do Thermal Cameras produce images?
Uses temperature signatures of targets to create images in different colors.
Describe the functionality of Day-Night Cameras.
Record images in color during the day and in black and white at night.
Who is best suited for performing video surveillance system maintenance?
A competent on-site staff member with electronic system troubleshooting background.
Why should equipment logs be maintained in video surveillance maintenance?
To track maintenance activities and keep a record of system performance.
What percentage of spare parts is recommended to be kept on hand for video surveillance maintenance?
Approximately 5 percent.
Why is maintaining environmental factors important in video surveillance?
To prevent blocked camera views by bushes and tree limbs.
What are 6 key factors affecting video surveillance system effectiveness?
T between SA and VC
TC
F of V
CO
Se and
Ob
Time between sensor alarm and video coverage,
target clarity,
field of view,
continuous operation,
sensitivity, and
obstruction.
What environmental conditions may require heating inside camera housing in video surveillance?
Cold weather below 35 degrees F (1.7 degrees C).
What measures are recommended for cameras installed in sunny areas?
Use sun shield and sun visor to reduce glare.
What is the guidance on how many objectives a camera should view for proper security viewing?
A camera should not view more than two objectives (one major and one minor).
In video surveillance, what limitations are advised for auto-panning of cameras?
A camera should not auto-pan more than 45 degrees left or right.
What impact does mounting a C lens into a CS camera without an adapter ring have?
It may crack the CCD as CS cameras moved the CCD closer to the imager.
Which lens type has become the industry standard for cameras since 2002?
DC/____ _____ lens
Direct Circuit/Logic Control (DC/LC) lens.
Why should cameras be evaluated against manufacturer’s specifications in video surveillance?
To ensure compatibility with design criteria and consistent performance.
What are the 3 main reasons to use video surveillance systems?
To W an E
RE and
AI
To witness an event,
record evidence, and
assess incidents.
What is the difference between analog and digital video systems?
Analog - Inex and _____ to hack;
Digital - Flex and Ne______
Analog systems are inexpensive and harder to hack; digital systems offer flexibility and networking.
How can analog cameras be converted to digital signals?
By using a digital encoder (codec) so they can be connected to the network.
What are the three key factors to determine the field of view requirements for video surveillance cameras?
-Target (people, vehicles, objects),
-activity, and
-purpose (assessment viewing, facial identification).
What are the functional requirements of converting an analog signal to digital for video surveillance?
-Convert analog to digital signals,
-use a TCP/IP network,
-compress image files for bandwidth and storage.
How does video surveillance supplement security officers in security applications?
By PD,
As and
Su Ca in a cost effective manner
By providing detection, assessment, and surveillance capabilities in a cost-effective manner.
What considerations are important for integrating video surveillance cameras in high-security applications?
I________ with IDD and AC for IAC when alarms are triggered.
Interfacing with intrusion detection devices and access control for immediate assessment capabilities when alarms are triggered.
What is the purpose of the video surveillance system selection process?
To meet overall physical protection system requirements for risk management and asset protection.
What is the purpose of a digital video recorder in a surveillance system?
To serve as a digital recording medium for saving digital imagery.
How does a digital video surveillance system represent images instead of using an interlace pattern?
It uses a full grid of small, colored squares known as pixels.
What does CIF stand for in relation to video surveillance systems?
Common Intermediate Format
Explain the concept of sensitivity in the context of choosing a surveillance camera.
Sensitivity refers to the minimum light required to produce a quality image.
How is resolution defined for a surveillance camera?
Resolution relates to the number of pixels or horizontal scans for image quality.
What is the importance of sensitivity when selecting a surveillance camera?
It is crucial as lighting is the first consideration for camera choice.
What is the impact of using a lower f-stop lens in a camera?
It allows more light to enter the camera for better sensitivity.
How can infrared (IR) lighting or thermal technology be beneficial in surveillance?
They can be used when visible lighting is not available for surveillance.
What does ACG (Automatic Gain Control) provide in a camera?
ACG provides additional sensitivity and maintains a level video signal.
Why should all exterior cameras have the ACG feature turned on?
To maintain picture quality in low-light conditions.
What impact does using JPEG compression have on image quality?
High quality images with a compression ratio of 10:1.
What are two main forms of video compression adopted by the industry?
M_ _ _ and H._ _ _ (MPEG-4 Part 10)
Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG-4) and H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10).
What 4 things should be considered in using video surveillance imagery as evidence in a courtroom?
Quality of recordings,
how it was obtained,
proof of originality, and
scene occupation percentage.
Why is it important to document the chain of custody for video imagery used in court proceedings?
To track how and who handled the video, including storage and transportation.
What legal concern is highlighted in the course notes regarding privacy in video surveillance systems?
Avoid placing cameras in areas where individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
When recording audio in video surveillance, what legal step should be taken?
Consult with an attorney as recording laws vary by jurisdiction or country.
Why should dummy (fake) cameras not be used in security applications?
They may provide a false sense of security and protection to employees and visitors.
What are the 4 types of video recorders mentioned in the course notes?
DVR
NVR
S/C-B R and
M V
Digital Video Recorders (DVR),
Network Video Recorders (NVR),
Server/Cloud Based recorders, and
Managed Video.
What distinguishes Network Video Recorders (NVR) from Digital Video Recorders (DVR) in video surveillance systems?
NVRs are controllable over a network and can handle a system with several hundred cameras.
What type of video recording system can be used for large, complex systems with remote server storage?
Server/Cloud Based systems using sophisticated software applications.
What type of cable should be used when running a camera over 1,000 feet from controls?
A fiber optic cable should be used.
Why should encryption be used for communications from the camera to controls?
To protect communications from unauthorized access.
What connectors are used with coaxial cabling (RG-59) for cameras?
BNC (British Naval Connectors).
What is the maximum distance twisted-pair cables can be run before amplification is needed?
328 feet (100m).
How should parking facility cameras be protected?
They should be protected by vandal-resistant dark polycarbonate domes.
What type of cameras can be used in low-light applications?
Low light cameras.
What should be used to monitor parking facilities with video surveillance coverage?
Real-time monitoring and digital recording.
What should color cameras be used for in parking facilities?
To identify specific vehicles and clothing.
Where should cameras be positioned in parking facilities to capture license plates?
To capture license plates when vehicles enter or exit the area.
Why should panic buttons be integrated with video surveillance?
To provide immediate visual context in case of emergencies.
What should be displayed in video surveillance for clear zones?
As much of the clear zone as possible, including inner and outer fences.
How many fixed cameras per zone should exterior assessment zones have for assessment?
One fixed camera per zone.
What can video analytics be preprogrammed as?
1) Preprogrammed or 2) learning algorithm.
What should be considered when integrating video analytics with seismic-type alarm sensors?
Tower height and location to reduce pole vibrations.
What is intelligent video?
A learning algorithm that processes and evaluates camera images.
What are the three levels of assessment in video surveillance systems?
Subject Identification,
Scene Identification
Action Identificaion
Why is it important for a video surveillance system to accurately identify the subject?
Critical for criminal investigations; subject should be identifiable beyond doubt.
What is the recommended minimum percentage of the overall scene width that the subject should occupy for proper identification?
At least 10 percent of the overall scene width.
How does the camera angle affect subject identification using video imagery?
A steep camera angle makes identification more difficult.
What elements (8) are considered the main components of a video surveillance system?
C,
L,
M,
C and AE,
S and F of V,
C T
C → Camera
• L → Lens
M - monitor
• C and AE → Controllers and automation equipment
• S and F of V → Scene and field of view
• C T→ Communication Transmission
Which component of a video surveillance system should be chosen before the lens?
Camera should always be chosen before the lens.
What is the purpose of controllers and automation equipment in a video surveillance system?
Controls what the cameras view and how the video is stored.
According to the notes, why should the system be designed generically?
To let the application choose the equipment and not the other way around.
What are the three major factors in determining the proper lens for a camera?
FS,
D to S and
F L
Format size, distance to scene, and focal length.
Why is it important for the camera lens format size to match the camera imager?
To avoid ‘tunnel vision’ and ensure proper performance.
What is the standard lens for a 1-inch camera?
A 25 mm lens, which is equivalent to the human eye.
How can the field of view be determined using the Pythagorean Theorem?
By calculating the distance between the camera and the scene.
What does the focal length determine in a lens?
The horizontal and vertical angles of the lens.
How is the ‘f-stop’ number related to the amount of light captured by the lens?
A larger f-stop number captures less light, while a lower f-stop number captures more light.
What are the options for lens formats - 5 - mentioned in the notes?
1/4-inch, 1/3-inch, 1/2-inch, 2/3-inch, and 1-inch.
What are the 3 types of lenses commonly used in video surveillance systems?
FL,
VL, and
ZL
Fixed lenses, varifocal lenses, and zoom lenses.
What are the characteristics of wide-angle lenses in terms of scene coverage?
Used for very wide scenes and short ranges (0 to 15 ft).
What are telephoto lenses used for based on their characteristics?
They are used for very narrow fields of view.
