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PSPbyMJB > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of disturbances activate fence disturbance sensors?

A

Cutting or moving the wires

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2
Q

How do fence electric field or capacitance sensors differ from fence disturbance sensors?

A

They activate when an intruder approaches the wires due to a change in capacitance coupling.

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3
Q

How is the sensor activated in taut wire sensors?

A

By deflection in the wires

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4
Q

What initiates a signal in fiber optic cable sensors in the fence disturbance category?

A

Light wave disturbances (micro-bending)

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5
Q

What can defeat fence disturbance sensors?

A

Bridging over or tunneling under the fence

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6
Q

What is the detection range of fence electric field or capacitance sensors in terms of distance beyond the wires?

A

3.3 feet (1 m)

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7
Q

How can sensor fences be less likely to have a high nuisance alarm rate?

A

By good grounding of the electric sensors

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8
Q

What considerations should be taken into account for designing a control workstation?

A

Adjustable lighting, temperature, humidity, noise, and comfort features to reduce fatigue and frustration.

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9
Q

Where are displays typically located in a control workstation?

A

In the center of the console, not requiring much head or eye movement.

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10
Q

How can audible signals be used to alert the operator in a control workstation?

A

Different pitches and sounds to distinguish various types of alarms.

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11
Q

What can a Graphical User Interface (GUI) improve in a control workstation?

A

The display of security alarm information.

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12
Q

What are some rules mentioned for designing control workstations regarding color usage?

A

Limiting colors to 7, using consistent shades for menus/buttons, and considering color-blindness.

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13
Q

What is contraband and give examples of contraband materials?

A

Materials not permitted in an area, such as weapons, explosives, drugs, recording devices.

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14
Q

What is the main advantage of using manual searches for contraband detection?

A

Low cost compared to other detection methods.

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15
Q

Why might metal detection be an important part of contraband detection?

A

It can detect weapons made of steel, a common material choice.

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16
Q

What is a magnetometer used for in contraband detection?

A

To monitor the Earth’s magnetic field and detect changes.

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17
Q

What are some limitations of using metal detection for contraband detection?

A

Inability to detect non-ferromagnetic metals like copper, aluminum, zinc.

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18
Q

What is the wavelength of infrared energy used in active infrared sensors?

A

About 0.9 microns.

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19
Q

How does an active infrared sensor reduce vulnerability to intruders jumping over or crawling under the detection beams?

A

By forming a ‘fence-like’ beam pattern with multiple aligned beams.

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20
Q

What are some vulnerabilities of active infrared sensors?

A

Vulnerable to fog, snow, dust storms, can be defeated by various tactics.

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21
Q

What type of energy does Exterior Passive Infrared (PIR) detect?

A

Changes in heat (thermal energy) in the protected area.

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22
Q

What is important for mounting Exterior Passive Infrared sensors to maintain detection capabilities?

A

Mounting the sensors where intruders will cross them.

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23
Q

What is a drawback of Exterior Dual Technology sensors?

A

Individual technology detection probability reduced.

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24
Q

How is the combined detection probability calculated for a dual-technology sensor?

A

Multiply the individual technology detection probabilities.

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25
Q

What kind of sensors are Video Motion Detection (VMD)?

A

Passive, covert, line-of-sight sensors processing video signals.

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26
Q

Why is quality of video signal important for Video Motion Detection sensors?

A

It determines the effectiveness of the sensor.

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27
Q

What are some vulnerabilities of Video Motion Detection sensors in exterior applications?

A

Susceptible to fog, rain, vibrations, wind, snow, animals, birds.

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28
Q

What is the purpose of Electron Capture Detector (ECD)?

A

Determines trace explosives in a vapor sample based on nitro compound affinity.

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29
Q

How is Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with ECD useful?

A

It helps identify the type of explosive present in the sample.

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30
Q

What are the benefits of using ECD with GC?

A

Low cost, specificity, and detection of small particle amounts.

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31
Q

Describe the analysis time and maintenance of ECD.

A

Long analysis times (minutes) and requires frequent maintenance.

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32
Q

What technology is considered the gold standard for detection?

A

Mass Spectrometry (MS).

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33
Q

How does Mass Spectrometry process ions?

A

Using magnetic and electrical fields to determine mass-to-charge ratio.

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34
Q

What is the downside of Mass Spectrometry technology?

A

High cost and difficulty in maintenance.

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35
Q

How does Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) differ from Mass Spectrometry?

A

IMS operates at atmospheric pressure while MS operates under vacuum.

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36
Q

Why is Mass Spectrometry considered highly specific?

A

Due to its low limits of detection and specificity.

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37
Q

What does Fluorescence technology use to detect explosives?

A

Fluorescent polymers that change fluorescence in their presence.

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38
Q

What is a downside of using the Fluorescence technology?

A

Not all explosives will produce a response.

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39
Q

How do Trace Detection Portals collect samples for analysis?

A

By agitating a person’s skin and clothes with bursts of air.

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40
Q

What is the screening time range for Trace Detection Portals?

A

Between 10 to 25 seconds.

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41
Q

What is the downside of Trace Detection Portals?

A

High costs, maintenance requirements, and large size of units.

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42
Q

What are some applications of Canine Olfaction?

A

Used in law enforcement and the military for detecting drugs and explosives.

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43
Q

What factors affect the reliability of canines used for detection?

A

Vigilance, skill, health, disposition of the canine, and training.

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44
Q

How do chemical detection sensors differ from biological sensors?

A

Chemical sensors must detect quickly for attack response, while biological sensors filter and analyze.

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45
Q

What are chemical detectors mainly used for?

A

Sampling air at perimeter locations to detect threats.

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46
Q

How do biological sensors operate in detecting agents?

A

Filter air for hours, then analyze samples for several more hours.

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47
Q

What challenges may arise with biological agent exposure and detection?

A

Exposure may have already occurred by the time the agent is identified.

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48
Q

What technology do microwave sensors use?

A

Microwave sensors use Doppler shift technology.

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49
Q

Where are microwave sensors often mounted?

A

Microwave sensors are often mounted near the ceiling of the protected area.

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50
Q

What are some advantages of microwave detection?

A

Advantages include reliability, low cost, and high PD.

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51
Q

What are some disadvantages of microwave sensors?

A

Disadvantages include extra considerations due to various surfaces and mounting challenges.

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52
Q

How can nuisance alarms be generated with microwave sensors?

A

Nuisance alarms can be generated from adjacent areas if not limited in coverage.

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53
Q

What should not be used in the detection zone of microwave sensors?

A

Fluorescent lights should not be used in the detection zone of these sensors.

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54
Q

What type of sensor is an Interior Active Infrared sensor?

A

Interior Active Infrared sensors are line sensors that operate visibly.

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55
Q

What technology do most Interior Dual Technology sensors combine?

A

Most combine microwave and passive infrared technology.

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56
Q

How do Interior Dual Technology sensors reduce false alarms?

A

Both sensors must activate for an alarm to initiate using an AND gate.

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57
Q

Where should ultrasonic sensors ideally be installed?

A

Ultrasonic sensors should be installed in rooms or areas with infrequent access.

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58
Q

What type of sensors are bistatic microwave sensors considered to be?

A

Active, visible, and line of sight sensors.

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59
Q

How are bistatic microwave sensors activated?

A

They are activated when there is a change in energy in ‘the field of view’.

60
Q

What can reduce the effectiveness of bistatic microwave sensors?

A

Overgrown vegetation, wind, or standing water.

61
Q

Where are the antennae typically installed for bistatic microwave sensors?

A

Between 18 to 24 inches (46 to 60 cm) high from the ground level or sensor bed.

62
Q

What type of technology is used by monostatic microwave sensors?

A

Doppler shift technology.

63
Q

What do monostatic microwave sensors use to limit coverage?

A

A variable range cut-off circuit.

64
Q

What are the advantages of monostatic microwave detection?

A

Reliable, low cost, and highly effective detection properties.

65
Q

What surfaces can pose extra considerations for monostatic microwave sensors?

A

Various surfaces used.

66
Q

How should monostatic microwave sensors be mounted?

A

They must be mounted to a rigid surface.

67
Q

What can High Energy X-ray technology calculate?

A

High Energy X-ray technology can calculate mass, density, and mass absorption coefficient.

68
Q

What is the purpose of Low-Dose Backscatter X-ray?

A

Low-Dose Backscatter X-ray detects objects that may be on individuals because it can see beneath clothing.

69
Q

What are the key components of Nuclear Technologies for detecting explosives?

A

Nuclear Technologies use gamma rays or neutrons to detect explosives, with TNA determining nitrogen content and PFNA identifying carbon and oxygen content.

70
Q

What does Quadrupole Resonance (QR) technology detect?

A

Quadrupole Resonance (QR) technology detects nitrogen-rich materials found in bulk explosives.

71
Q

How does Raman Analysis function in detecting materials?

A

Raman Analysis uses laser interrogation and light analysis as a spectroscopic technique.

72
Q

What is the primary function of Infrared Technology in security?

A

Infrared Technology may be useful in detecting explosives found on persons.

73
Q

What is the purpose of Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) in explosive detection?

A

IMS separates ions by mobility and has high sensitivity to dynamite, TNT, and other explosives.

74
Q

How does Colorimetry detect the presence of explosives?

A

Colorimetry uses chemical reactions causing color changes to indicate the presence of explosives.

75
Q

What does Chemiluminescence use to detect compounds?

A

Chemiluminescence uses photochemical detection to detect nitro-based compounds.

76
Q

What are the steps comprised in the installation, maintenance, and repair of IDS components?

A

Design engineering, choosing quality components, professional installation, commissioning, auditing, maintenance, and repair.

77
Q

What should be tested and documented during the commissioning of an IDS?

A

Every device and automated function of the IDS should be tested and documented.

78
Q

What are the key focus areas during maintenance of IDS systems?

A

Regular maintenance, visual inspection for calibration, sensitivity, alignment, and operational tests for detection zone coverage.

79
Q

How often should batteries be replaced in wireless sensors?

A

Wireless sensors need to have batteries replaced every 2 to 5 years depending on usage.

80
Q

What is the purpose of an Alarm Communications and Display (AC&D) system?

A

Transport alarm signals, assessment information to a central point, present information to a human operator, collect alarm data, enable system control.

81
Q

What are the critical elements of an AC&D system?

A

Transportation and communication of data, presentation or display of information to a human operator.

82
Q

Why is reliability crucial in AC&D systems?

A

Reliability ensures no loss of data, reliable communication, and uninterrupted information display.

83
Q

What information should an operator console display in an AC&D system?

A

Zone status, zone location, alarm time, instructions for response or action required.

84
Q

What are passive sensors?

A

Sensors that produce no signals from transmitters but detect energy emitted in proximity.

85
Q

Describe the detection capability of passive sensors.

A

They can detect vibration, heat, sound, capacitance, changes in the environment.

86
Q

Explain the difference between passive and active sensors.

A

Passive sensors have no transmitters, detect emitted energy. Active sensors transmit energy.

87
Q

What is the purpose of overt sensors?

A

They can act as a possible deterrence by being visible to an intruder.

88
Q

How do covert sensors differ from overt sensors?

A

Covert sensors are hidden from view, harder to detect.

89
Q

What type of sensor may be better for a covert application?

A

A volumetric sensor due to its ability to be buried.

90
Q

Explain the difference between Line of Sight (LOS) and Terrain-Following (TF) sensors.

A

LOS sensors require a clear line of sight, while TF sensors follow terrain.

91
Q

What type of terrain is suitable for Line of Sight sensors?

A

Flat terrain as it requires a clear line of sight for detection.

92
Q

Describe the detection zone of a terrain-following sensor.

A

It uses transducer elements and radiated fields to create uniform detection.

93
Q

What is unique about volumetric sensors?

A

They cover a volume of space making it difficult for intruders to determine coverage boundaries.

94
Q

Explain Line Detection sensors.

A

They detect along a line, like when installed with a fence.

95
Q

How does the environment affect sensor choice?

A

Characteristics and capabilities play a significant role in choosing sensor type.

96
Q

Name the three main types of applications for intrusion detection sensors.

A

Buried Line Sensors, Fence-Associated Sensors, Freestanding Sensors.

97
Q

How far below the ground surface should pressure and seismic sensors be installed?

A

At least 2-3 feet for optimum performance.

98
Q

What are magnetic field sensors primarily used to detect?

A

Changes in the magnetic field, typically used for detecting vehicles.

99
Q

What are the three main types of glass break sensors?

A

1) Vibratory, 2) Acoustical, 3) Metallic foil

100
Q

How do vibratory glass break sensors detect glass breaking?

A

They detect the shock of breaking glass using jiggle switches, inertia switches, or piezoelectric elements.

101
Q

How do acoustical glass break sensors operate?

A

They operate on audible and ultrasonic frequencies above 20 kHz using microphone transducers.

102
Q

What is the purpose of metallic foil sensors in glass break detection?

A

Metallic foil sensors use metallic tape on glass to trip a low voltage circuit upon breakage.

103
Q

How do fiber optic sensors detect intrusion?

A

They detect disturbances in the fiber optic cable’s tubular light pattern (micro-bending).

104
Q

What type of detection do electromechanical sensors like door contacts use?

A

They use line detection for intrusion detection.

105
Q

What kind of magnetic switch is suitable for low security applications?

A

A reed switch is suitable for low security applications.

106
Q

What is a balanced magnetic switch (BMS) and its role in medium security?

A

A BMS uses a bias magnet to prevent adversarial defeat and is ideal for medium security.

107
Q

What type of switch requires power but offers high security?

A

A Hall Effect switch requires power and offers a high level of security.

108
Q

Where are continuity or break wire sensors often installed?

A

They are often installed in walls, floors, ceilings, vents, and storage cabinets.

109
Q

What are the three main components of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS)?

A

Sensors, annunciators, communications/transmission mechanism.

110
Q

What are four key considerations for matching IDS elements to a system’s purpose?

A

Meet security needs, operate effectively with subsystems, support operations, be cost-effective.

111
Q

What are the three main characteristics of intrusion sensor performance?

A

Probability of Detection (PD), Nuisance Alarm Rate (NAR), Vulnerability to Defeat.

112
Q

What does the Nuisance Alarm Rate (NAR) signify in an IDS?

A

Any alarm not caused by an adversary.

113
Q

How is Vulnerability to Defeat measured in intrusion sensors?

A

From 0.0 to 1.0.

114
Q

What are the two ways an adversary can defeat an intrusion sensor?

A

Bypass or spoof the sensor.

115
Q

When should alarms be generated in an IDS?

A

During adversarial action, condition changes, power loss, tampering, sensor failure.

116
Q

What temperature range should an IDS be capable of operating in for indoor units?

A

32°F to 120°F (0°C to 49°C).

117
Q

Why is having a continuous line of detection around the perimeter important?

A

Increases reliability, detection, and provides redundancy.

118
Q

What is the purpose of using complementary sensors in an IDS?

A

As an alternate to dual-technology sensors to enhance detection capabilities.

119
Q

What technology emits fixed frequency pulses?

A

Pulsed-field technology.

120
Q

What does continuous wave technology enhance detection of?

A

Objects of small size like gold.

121
Q

Why is continuous wave technology ideal for identifying small objects?

A

It uses a higher than usual frequency.

122
Q

What happens when a metallic object is present in a pulsed-field detector?

A

An eddy current is produced and phase detected.

123
Q

What do handheld metal detectors require the use of?

A

Security personnel.

124
Q

Why are same-sex screeners recommended for handheld metal detectors?

A

To avoid intrusiveness during screening.

125
Q

What areas should metal detectors be placed near?

A

Small amounts of steel and other metals.

126
Q

What are active interrogation methods used for detecting contraband?

A

X-Ray and Commuted Tomography (CT).

127
Q

Why are active interrogation methods considered unsafe for humans?

A

Due to radioactive emissions.

128
Q

What does X-ray technology often search for?

A

Materials with low-atomic numbers.

129
Q

What does a single energy transmission X-ray detector produce?

A

An image for operator inspection.

130
Q

Why may conventional X-ray detectors not penetrate heavy metals?

A

They lack sufficient energy.

131
Q

What methods can be used for explosive detection?

A

Bulk technologies and trace methods.

132
Q

What variables are measured using bulk methodologies for explosive detection?

A

X-ray absorption coefficient, X-ray backscatter coefficient, etc.

133
Q

What does dual energy measure in bulk explosive detection?

A

The mass absorption coefficient.

134
Q

What are some causes of nuisance alarms in Video Motion Detection systems?

A

Causes include insects, mice, moving objects, poor lighting, and low contrast camera output.

135
Q

What are the differences between analog and digital Video Motion Detection systems?

A

Analog VMDs cost less, while digital VMDs have fewer nuisance alarms.

136
Q

How can the effectiveness of capacitance proximity sensors be reduced?

A

Humidity can reduce the effectiveness of capacitance proximity sensors.

137
Q

What is the required force applied to pressure sensor mats for operation?

A

5 to 20 pounds of force per square foot (24.4 to 97.6 kg sq. m).

138
Q

How can Pressure sensors be used to enhance protection?

A

Pressure sensors can be combined with other technologies for increased protection.

139
Q

What is the purpose of integrating IDS with video surveillance systems for assessment?

A

To reduce assessment time; video surveillance towers can be used for video assessment.

140
Q

What are some challenges of deploying immature technology prematurely?

A

It can create additional risks to the organization; technology maturity levels should be considered.

141
Q

What are the eight levels of deploying an effective maturity model for security technologies?

A

They range from Research to Nontechnical maturity factors such as procedural challenges.

142
Q

Why are bistatic and monostatic microwave sensors not complementary?

A

They have the same vulnerabilities to defeat.

143
Q

Explain how an OR gate functions in sensor combination.

A

Generates an alarm if one sensor detects an event, increasing PD and NAR.

144
Q

How does an AND gate differ from an OR gate in sensor integration?

A

Requires both sensors to trigger for an alarm, reducing both PD and NAR.

145
Q

Why should an intrusion detection system (IDS) include tamper-protection?

A

To prevent unauthorized access and ensure system integrity.

146
Q

What is the purpose of line supervision in an IDS?

A

To detect when communication lines are cut or altered.

147
Q

Why is it important for exterior intrusion detection sensors to be protected against electrical surges and lightning strikes?

A

To ensure system reliability and prevent damage.

PSPbyMJB (14 decks)

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