Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the three purposes of barriers in structural security?
1) restrict or impede access,
2) provide continuous protection,
3) deter threats.
Name three types of barriers used in security.
Exterior perimeter barriers, Exterior of buildings, Interior of buildings.
How do barriers psychologically deter adversaries from entering protected areas?
By appearing too difficult to compromise.
What do barriers control the movement of in security settings?
P, A and V
People, animals, and vehicles.
What are natural barriers in security and provide examples?
Barriers with naturally occurring features like streams, lakes, cliffs, canyons.
What is the purpose of reinforced concrete walls in security?
To protect against penetration, especially of sensitive materials.
Why are doors often considered weak barriers in security?
Due to functional requirements, hardware, and weaker composition.
What is the average penetration time for standard industrial-type doors?
Starts at 10 seconds.
What is the purpose of a panic bar on external doors?
To provide one-way egress, often required by fire or building codes.
How quickly can wired glass or tempered glass in doors be penetrated?
In about 15 to 20 seconds.
What type of glazing materials are often used for security purposes?
Polycarbonates, such as Lexan, are often used for security purposes due to their impact resistance.
How long can approximately half an inch of polycarbonate resist penetration?
Approximately 2 minutes.
What type of glazing provides impact resistance and is often recommended for security applications?
Polycarbonates, such as Lexan, are often recommended for security applications.
How long can polycarbonate resist thermal tools before penetration?
Up to 1 minute.
What function does window film serve in strengthening glazing?
Window film strengthens glazing from breakage, blasts, or ballistic penetration.
What effect can window film have on the strength of glass?
It can strengthen glass more than 300 times its original strength.
What are blast curtains used for in relation to windows?
Blast curtains may be installed to prevent fragments from entering the room/area.
Do blast curtains prevent forced entry into a room?
No, blast curtains do not prevent forced entry.
What is recommended for new buildings to increase penetration time for windows?
Installing narrow windows and vent/duct openings less than 4 inches wide.
What should openings larger than 96 square inches receive for protection?
Steel bars, grills, wire mesh, expanded metal, or fencing material.
What five enhancements can be made to the roof for physical security?
ARI
RC
S
F and……more
Adding rigid insulation,
Reinforced concrete
screens and fasteners,
and more.
Where should roof security enhancements typically be installed for cost-effectiveness?
Below the roofline.
What are the six common types of protective lighting mentioned?
Continuous,
Glare protection,
Standby,
Controlled,
Movable (portable), and Emergency
What is the typical height range of light poles in parking areas?
12 to 14 feet (3.6 to 4.2 meters)
What type of lighting is commonly used in streetlights?
Downward circular pattern projection
What type of lamp is filled with halogen gas and is more efficient than incandescent lamps?
Quartz and Quartz-Halogen
What category of lighting is mainly used for parking lots and along highways?
High Mast Lighting, usually 70 to 150 feet in height
What are the four advantages of fluorescent lamps over incandescent ones?
NIS
LL
EE and
PLH
Nearly instant startup,
longer lifespan,
energy efficiency, and
produce less heat
What is the lighting level for open parking lots during daytime?
3.0 foot-candles (32 Lux)
What is the recommended lighting level for covered parking structures?
5.0 foot-candles (54 Lux)
How should the interior of a parking structure be painted to improve light reflection?
Light colors
What should be the lighting level at self-parking areas?
1.0 foot-candle (11 Lux)
What should be the lighting level at vehicle entrances compared to surrounding areas?
10.0 foot-candles (108 Lux) or double the surrounding area
What lighting level is recommended for pedestrian entrances?
5.0 foot-candles (54 Lux)
What is the lighting level recommended for building facades?
0.5 to 2.0 foot-candles (5 to 22 Lux)
What is the recommended lighting level for safety at entrances?
1.5 to 2.0 foot-candles (16 to 22 Lux)
What lighting level is suggested for key assets for visual observation?
0.2 foot-candles (2 Lux)
What is the lighting level for interior office space?
50.0 foot-candles (538 Lux)
What is the recommended lighting level for attendant parking areas in low activity zones?
0.2 foot-candles (2 Lux)
What should be the lighting level for cash collection or vehicle access points in an attendant parking area?
5.0 foot-candles (54 Lux)
What lighting level is recommended for business attractions or customer convenience areas?
5.0 foot-candles (54 Lux) or higher
What is the lighting level recommended for perimeter fencing?
0.5 foot-candles (5 Lux) illuminated on both sides
What is the lighting standard for interior security officer gatehouses?
30.0 foot-candles (323 Lux)
What is the lighting level for exterior security officer gatehouses?
2.0 to 5.0 foot-candles (22 to 54 Lux)
How should the edges of the fence fabric be fastened?
Edges of the fence fabric should be fastened to top rail, bottom rail, and/or tension wire using metal wire ties every 24 inches (60.9 cm) or less.
What should be done to fences over 5 feet (1.5 m) high regarding selvages?
They should have selvages ______ on the bottom and
_______ s_______ at the top.
Fences over 5 feet (1.5 m) high should have selvages knuckled on the bottom, and twisted selvages at the top.
How should a fence be installed to ensure security?
Fastened securely and taut to fence posts, and be within 2 inches (51mm) of hard ground or pavement.
What can be used on soft ground and shifting soil to install fence material?
Fence material should be installed below the ground surface, or a cement apron can be installed and fence material set in concrete.
How can chain link material be protected in marine locations?
Chain link material can be coated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin to last longer in marine locations.
What are the standard PVC resin colors for fencing?
black,
Brown
Green and
olive green.
Why should a clear zone be maintained around the fence line?
A clear zone should be maintained around the fence line to improve the effectiveness of the fence.
What does a typical top guard consist of?
A typical top guard consists of three strands of twisted double-strand barbed wire with 4-point barbs spaced equal distance apart.
How should the top guard installation direction be chosen?
The top guard installation direction should be outward or inward (or both) at a 45-degree angle, depending on the protection needed.
Why should additional length on outriggers and strands of barbed wire be used on a top guard?
Additional length on outriggers and additional strands of barbed wire can be used to increase protection.
What factors should be considered when determining the number of gates in a fencing system?
The number of gates should be kept to a minimum based on efficient operation and throughput.
What material should gate frames be constructed of?
TM ( r or S) and W at all corners
They should be constructed of tubular members (round or square) and welded at all corners.
What are 3 benefits of waist high turnstiles in fencing?
Crowd control,
collection of admissions, and
counting people.
Why is expanded metal fencing considered more resistant to forced entry than chain link material?
Expanded metal fencing is difficult to cut and offers much greater resistance than chain link material during a forced entry.
How is welded wire fencing typically used in security applications?
Welded wire fencing is generally used for lower-security applications due to offering less resistance to penetration than expanded metal fencing.
What should the light-to-dark ratio ideally be in an illumination design?
0.16736111111111107
What is brightness defined as?
Perception of the amount of light reaching an eye.
What does glare refer to?
Excessive brightness.
What is the measure of an object’s reflectance?
The ratio of L falling on it
To light being R_____ expressed as a p________
The ratio of light falling on it to light being reflected, expressed as a percentage.
What is the coefficient of utilization?
R of L D to S compared to L from L
Ratio of light delivered to surface compared to light from the lamps.
What is the minimum reflectance of light recommended for better image quality?
As close to 100 percent as possible.
How should the reflected light direction align in relation to the camera view?
Focused in the same direction as the camera view.
What is the detectability factor (lighting level) required for recognition purposes?
1.0 FC
What is the ideal illuminance for color cameras?
High CRI (Color Rendition Index).
In which settings does the lighting intensity need to be at 5.0 to 6.0 FC?
Stairs, elevators, ramps, and gathering areas.
What is a standard fencing system made of?
Twisted double-strand barbed wire with 4-point barbs spaced equal distance.
How far apart should fence posts be for standard fencing?
Not more than 6 feet (1.8 m) apart.
What is the height requirement for a standard fencing material excluding the top guard?
Must not be less than 7 feet (2.1 m) high.
What is the purpose of High-Strength Cable Fence systems?
Typically used for vehicle control applications.
What is the distance between concrete dead-men anchors for vehicle deflection using High-Strength Cable Fence systems?
Usually about 200 feet (61 m).
Describe the two forms of electric fencing.
1) Live-wire deterrent - inducing fear of being shocked.
2) Monitored fence - inducing fear of being shocked and triggering an alarm.
How many times per minute does electric fencing deliver a pulsed discharge?
About 45 times every minute.
What is the purpose of installing electric fencing behind another fence system?
To prevent accidental touching of the fence.
What kind of material is razor wire or concertina wire typically made of?
B-t wire deployed in c
Barbed-tape wire deployed in coils.
How far apart should fence posts be for razor wire fencing?
Not more than _______ feet apart.
Not more than 6 feet (1.8 m) apart.
What are concrete block fences primarily used for?
Low-to-moderate security protection against penetration.
What kind of security do decorative fences provide?
High-security, medium security, or lower-security applications.
For wooden fences, how wide should the vertical pickets be?
Not wider than 1.75 inches (44.45 mm).
What is the recommended distance for horizontal sections on wooden fences?
Not spaced more than 50 inches (127 cm).
What kind of vehicles can easily penetrate most fences by ramming at high speeds?
Lightweight vehicles.
What is the purpose of blocking barriers?
To prevent vehicle access to a protected area.
What is the angle of installation for standard metal guardrails as a vehicle barrier?
Usually at a 30-degree angle.
What are examples of passive structural barriers?
F, w, w o, c b, h o and J B
Fences, walls, water obstacles, concrete blocks, heavy objects, Jersey barriers
Name 4 examples of active structural barriers.
Ri or Ro We Sy
Re Bo
L/D Be and
Mo-op C G
• Ri or Ro We Sy → Rising or Rotating wedge systems
• Re Bo → Retractable bollards
• L/D Be → Lift/drop beams
• Mo-op C G → Motor-operated crash gates
What is the typical height range for bollards?
Bollard height is typically not more than 30 inches (0.76 m) high, but should not be more than 38 inches (1 m) in height.
What is the approximate effective width reduction of a sidewalk due to bollards?
_______ inches
Bollards typically reduce the effective width of a sidewalk by 24 inches (0.6 m).
How are removable bollards classified in terms of security?
Removable bollards are considered to be a lower security fixed type bollard.
What is a notable feature of rising wedge barriers?
Rising wedge barriers are one of the earliest active barriers developed.
What is the effective way to anchor Jersey barriers against vehicle attacks?
Jersey barriers must be embedded and vertically anchored using steel rods/plates through the barriers.
How should metal posts or railroad ties be positioned to form a barrier?
Metal posts or railroad ties should be angled outward at a 30 to 45-degree angle and spaced 4 feet (1.2 m) apart.
What is the minimum thickness for a 4-hour fire resistant vault wall using reinforced concrete?
8 inches (20.4 cm)
Why should vaults not be installed below grade?
Due to moisture and the possibility of long-lasting heat effect in case of fire.
What is the purpose of using a safe-within-a-safe design?
To achieve both burglar resistance and fire resistance in the same safe.
Why should unreinforced concrete not be used for protection against forced entry in vaults?
It may not provide adequate protection and can lead to failure.
What is the recommended strategy for vault security according to the course notes?
Using a defense-in-depth strategy with intrusion sensors and video surveillance.
Why should vaults have intrusion sensors and video surveillance cameras installed?
To enhance security and detect any unauthorized access attempts.
What problem can arise with the ‘two-man rule’ for opening and closing vaults according to the notes?
One individual watching and learning the combination code of the other person.
What should be the minimum distance of illumination to detect human movement recommended in protective lighting?
175 yards (160 m)
What is the recommended minimum distance to identify a human face during nighttime hours in protective lighting?
33 feet (10 m)
What term refers to a device used with an electric discharge lamp according to the notes?
Ballast
What does CRI measure?
The E_____ of l_____ on the
Ap____ of ob_______
The effect of light on the appearance of objects.
What is a good CRI range?
70 to 80.
How is efficacy measured?
In L_____ p____ w_____ (___ ___ ____)
In lumens per watt (LPW).
Define Foot-Candle.
A measure of how bright light is when it reaches one foot from the source.
What does HID stand for?
High Intensity Discharge lamp.
What is illuminance?
The intensity of light F on the S
The intensity of lighting falling on the surface.
What does a lamp consist of?
A Fi or A T,
Ca and
El Co
A filament or arc tube, casing, and electrical connectors.
Define light trespass.
Light P______ in u_______ areas
Light pollution in unintended areas.
What is a lumen?
The volume of light emitted by a lamp.
What is a lux?
The metric measure of illumination.
What is reflectance?
The P of L being reflected from any given object or surface.
The percentage of light being reflected from any given object or surface.
What is the main purpose of protective lighting?
To serve as a psychological deterrent to intruders, enable detection, assessment, identification, and support video surveillance.
What are the benefits of High Pressure Sodium lamps?
EE,
LL and
CE for open parking lots
They are extremely efficient, have a long life, and are cost-effective for open parking lots.
Why is Low Pressure Sodium not recommended for video surveillance systems?
Low Pressure Sodium lamps have poor color rendition with a 5 CRI rating.
What is a key disadvantage of Metal Halide lamps?
H I C
M E to I and to M
Metal Halide lamps have a high initial cost, being the most expensive to install and maintain.
What are the characteristics of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps?
A high _______rating;
Are e______, but have a high ______ ______.
LED lamps have a high CRI rating, are efficient, but have a high initial cost.
Where is Induction Lighting often used?
PS, T and U
Induction Lighting is often used for parking structures, tunnels, and underpasses.
What is the purpose of Infrared illumination in video surveillance?
Infrared illumination is used to provide scene illumination for surveillance cameras.
Where should protective lighting be located according to the notes?
On the PP, all A P, and Cr Ar like…….W_____ S_______
Protective lighting should be located on the property perimeter, all access points, and critical areas like weapon storage.
What are the advantages of using Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps?
LED lamps provide balanced lighting, even conditions, and efficient visibility.
What are the main characteristics of lighting that can affect security effectiveness?
Q of L
L of In of L
The quantity of light and the level of intensity of light.
What is the animal control fence height?
4 feet (1.2 m)
What is the height of a low security fence?
5 to 6 feet (1.52 to 1.83 m)
What is the minimum height of a medium security fence to deter human penetration?
7 feet (2.1 m)
What fence height is required for perimeter protection in the cargo industry?
6 feet (1.83 m)
What is the height of a high-security fence often used in prisons?
18 to 20 feet (5.4 to 6 m)
What is the most commonly used fence material for security applications?
Chain link
What tools can easily breach a chain link fence?
Blanket, wire cutter, or bolt cutter
How far apart should posts be spaced in chain link fencing?
Not to exceed 10 feet (3 m) between posts
What is the recommended diameter of post holes in chain link fencing?
4 times larger than the largest cross section of the post
How deep should post holes be in chain link fencing for each foot of increase in fence height over 4 feet?
3 inches (76 mm) deeper for each foot (.3 m) of increase in fence height over 4 feet (1.2 m)
What type of cement should be used to fill post holes in solid rock for chain link fencing?
Non-shrinkable hydraulic cement
When are braces needed in chain link fencing?
For all fence fabric over 6 feet (1.83 m) high
How can the time to penetrate a door frame be increased by 3 to 4 times?
Installing wood cores like redwood cores in the frame.
What type of lock can eliminate prying attacks on doors?
D-C H S B lock
Double-cylinder high security bolt lock.
What should be done to prevent chiseling and wire-hooking of panic bars on doors?
Install a drill-resistant bent metal plate.
What type of glass is highly frangible and breaks into large shards when broken?
Annealed glass or plate glass.
What kind of glass falls apart into pieces without sharp edges when broken?
Tempered glass like automobile side door windows.
