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Immunology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

T cells are activated in the?

A

lymph node

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2
Q

what happens at the site of infection

A

DC cells phagocytose microbes and present them on MHC class I and class II and travel through lymphatic vessels to secondary lymph organs

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3
Q

what happens after DC and microbes travel through the lymphatic vessels?

A

DC enter and interact with T cells looking for a match and if there is a match it initiates adaptive immunity

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4
Q

once adaptive immunity is initiated what happens

A

the DC is going to bind to the T cell and teach the T cell how to fight infection

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5
Q

if the infection location is in the tissue and skin what secondary lymph organ does it go too

A

draining L.N

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6
Q

if the infection location is in the blood what secondary lymph organ does it go too

A

spleen

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7
Q

if the infection location is in the mucosa what secondary lymph organ does it go too

A

MALT

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8
Q

steps after you step on a nail

A
  1. DCs pick up microbes
  2. DC travels to draining L.N
  3. in the L.N DC interacts w/ T cells and activate other T cells
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9
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis of bacteria and microbes that replicate extracellular is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class II
CD4

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10
Q

macropinocytosis of bacteria or viruses and extracellular infection is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class II
CD4

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11
Q

viral infection or infection of DC by virus is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class I
CD8

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12
Q

cross-presentation or no infection virus endocytosed of exogenous viral antigens is what MHC class and T cell

A

Class I
CD8

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13
Q

T cell recirculate between the

A

blood and lymph

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14
Q

when T cell recirculate between the blood and lymph the T cell enters via? and interact with DC via?

A

enter via HEV
interact with DC via MHC

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15
Q

once the T cell enters via HEV and interacts with the DC via MHC what two things could it do?

A

A. recognize Ag and stay
B. not recognize Ag and leave via efferent lymph vessel

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16
Q

what is extravasation?

A

T cells leaving the blood stream

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17
Q

how do T cells cross HEV to get into the lymph node

A
  1. there is loose adhesion
  2. there are chemokine signals and increase the strong adhesion molecules
  3. this tightly bind to endothelial cells
  4. diapedesis making the it squeeze between endothelial cells
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18
Q

T cell : L- selectin
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: SL^x+ CD34/ glycam
DC: none

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19
Q

T cell: LFA-1
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: ICAM2
DC: none

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20
Q

T cell: ICAM3
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: none
DC: LFA-1 or DC-Sign

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21
Q

T cell: CD2
name HEV
name DC
if both or one

A

HEV: none
DC: LFA3

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22
Q

L- selectin, LFA-1, ICAM3, and CD2 are what type of molecules

A

adhesion

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23
Q

Naive cells are before or after encounter Ag

A

before encountering Ag

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24
Q

activated cells are before or after encountering Ag

A

after encountering Ag

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25
Q

how do cells keep recirculating?

A

through the S1P gradient

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26
Q

what is the S1P gradient?

A

lipids on cells in L.N with a higher concentration on cells that are closer to the efferent lymphatic vessel

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27
Q

when cells become activated what do they bind too?

A

bind to MHC and peptide on dendritic cell and gets signals to down regulate S1PR (CD19) on surface and upregulate adhesion to DCs

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28
Q

DC=

A

teacher for the T cells

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29
Q

T cells express S1PR which bind

A

S1P

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30
Q

T cells need how many signals from DC for activation

A

2

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31
Q

what is signal one for DC activation

A

TCR+ coreceptor interact with MHC

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32
Q

what is signal two for DC activation

A

co-stimulation
CD28 (T cell) interacts with B7 (DC)

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33
Q

what are two major T cell synapse components

A

adhesion and signaling

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34
Q

p-SMAC is central or peripheral

A

peripheral

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35
Q

c-SMAC is central or peripheral

A

central

36
Q

what two regions play a role in adhesion

A

p-smac and c-smac

37
Q

what plays a role in signaling

A

c-smac
TCR
costimulation

38
Q

is CD2 a adhesion molecule

A

yes

39
Q

what molecules are in c-smac

A

TCR
CD2
CD4
CD8
CD28
PKC-0

40
Q

what molecules are in p-smac

A

LFA-1
ICAM-1
talin

41
Q

cells that secrete cytokines that act on itself

A

autocrine

42
Q

cells that secrete cytokines that activate neighbors

A

paracrine

43
Q

cells that secrete cytokines that act on far away cells

A

endocrine

44
Q

what are ITAMs

A

immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs that get phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases

45
Q

what type of signaling is IL-2

A

autocrine

46
Q

T cell produce IL-2 to act on the….

A

same cell

47
Q

Naive T cells have IL-2R gamma beta which

A

weakly bind Il-2

48
Q

activated T cell have IL-2R gamma beta which

A

does strong binding

49
Q

strong binding of IL-2 from activated T cells result in

A

cellular proliferation

50
Q

Naive T cell cell expresses high or low affinity IL-r receptor

A

low affinity

51
Q

what activates the naive T cell?

A

presentation of specific antigen

52
Q

2 signals lead to the production of

A

IL-2 and IL-2 receptor gamma

53
Q

where does IL-2R gamma go

A

to the surface

54
Q

IL-2 bind high or low affinity once activated

A

high

55
Q

the high affinity binding of the IL-r send a signal to

A

proliferate the T cell

56
Q

signal 3 for IL-2 =

A

self signal via IL (autocrine- acting on the same cell)
(paracrine- nearby cells)

57
Q

what chooses the T cell fate?

A

cytokines

58
Q

cytokines choose the T cell fate from the

A

blood or cells within secondary lymph tissues

59
Q

what are two ways to activate CD8 T cells to proliferate

A

no help
and CD4 t cell help

60
Q

what signaling occurs with no help

A

autocrine

61
Q

what signaling occurs with t cell help

A

paracrine

62
Q

do T cell change upon activation?

A

yes

63
Q

do activated T cells need co stimulation

A

no

64
Q

what two CD4 t cells dont change

A

CD4 and TCR

65
Q

what activate other cells (Th cels)

A

cytokines

66
Q

name the cytotoxins

A

granzyme
perforin
granulysin
serglycin

67
Q

induce apoptosis is what cytotoxin

A

granzyme

68
Q

what cytotoxin pokes holes

A

perforin

69
Q

what cytotoxins help with adhesion to break down membrane

A

granulysinand serglycin

70
Q

what is JAK

A

a kinase

71
Q

what is STAT

A

TF

72
Q

cytokine receptor subunits bind what

A

JAKS

73
Q

cytokine binding assembles the receptor which is

A

phosphorylated

74
Q

JAK binds

A

STATS

75
Q

STATs bind to phosphorylated receptor and are then

A

phosphorylated

76
Q

phosphorylated STAT dimers enter the nucleus and initiate

A

gene expression specific to cytokine

77
Q

what two signals to macrophaes get from TH1

A
  1. TH1 cell secretes IFNgamma that acts on macrophages
  2. CD40L (T cell) interacts with CD40 macrophage
78
Q

outcomes on macrophage from the 2 signals from TH1

A
  1. increase phagolysosomal fusion
  2. increase antimicrobial agents in phagolysosome (oxygen free radicals-> nitric acid and proteases)
79
Q

What cells activate B cells

A

TFH

80
Q

6 steps of TFH activated B cells

A
  1. B cell encounter Ag
  2. present Ag to MHCII
  3. TFH cell interact with B cell via TCR and MHC and coreceptor
  4. cytokine signaling
  5. interaction of CD40 (b cell) with CD40L (TFH cell)
  6. B cell activated-> plasma cell
81
Q

what is not at the site of infection

A

co-stimulation

82
Q

what suprress T cells

A

Tregs

83
Q

how does the Tregs suppress T cells

A
  1. antigen presenting cell presents on MHCII to both Treg and Th cell
  2. Tregs sends the suppression signal to the other cell
84
Q

in an ideal world what only happens at the end of infection

A

Tregs supressing T cells

85
Q

3 steps for the regulation of cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. encounter Ag
  2. adhesion molecules hold two cells together to form the immunological synapse
  3. the vesicles move to the immunological synapse and are released there
86
Q

steps for the refractory period required for killing

A
  1. Tc interact 1st with infected cell
  2. release all cytotoxin vesicles
  3. 1st cell dies
  4. Tc moves to next infected cell
  5. fill new vesicles with cytotoxins before it kills the next cell

Immunology (16 decks)

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