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Chapter 2 Flashcards

Innate Immunity

1
Q

1st line of immunity is

A

barriers and molecular mechanisms at the ready

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2
Q

2nd line of immunity is

A

induced intrinsic mechanisms

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3
Q

3rd line of immunity is

A

adaptive immunity

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4
Q

order of the first line immunity

A

epithelial/ endothelial-> skin + mucosal surface-> lining of blood vessels

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5
Q

whats an intrinsic mechanism

A

PRP binding to PAMPS

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6
Q

commensal relationship is called

A

microbiota

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7
Q

what is included in the commensal relationship

A

nutrition, metabolism, and general health

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8
Q

is there more bacterial cells or human cells

A

bacterial cells

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9
Q

what are the 3 different pathways

A

alternative, lectin, classical

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10
Q

what are 3 different effector functions within the complement activation

A

inflammation, opsonization, and perforation

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11
Q

whats the last pathway to be activated

A

classical

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12
Q

whats the second pathway to be activated

A

lectin

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13
Q

what pathway binds mannose

A

lectin

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14
Q

what pathways bind receptors to microbe to start the process

A

lectin and classical

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15
Q

short summary of classical pathway

A

C1 binding to antibody which breaks down C2 and C4
!st C3 convertase

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16
Q

what are complement regulatory proteins

A

soluble factors and membrane bound factors

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17
Q

what do soluble factors do?

A

inhibit or activate

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18
Q

what do membrane bound factors do?

A

inhibit

dont eat me signals

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19
Q

what activates complement

A

properdin

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20
Q

how does properdin activate complement

A

bind C3bBB and stabilizes it and continually break down C3

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21
Q

what gives fragment to iC3b

A

inactivation of C3b by factor H and factor I

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22
Q

4 steps of inactivation of H and I

A
  1. C3b on surface of microbe
  2. Factor H will bind C3b
  3. Once H is bound it recruits factor I
  4. Factor I then cleans C3b into iC3n which is inactivated
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23
Q

what complement proteins disrupt C3 convertase on a human cell

A

DAF and MCP

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24
Q

what does DAF do?

A

Daf bind C3bBB and displaces Bb

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25
Q

4 steps of MCP

A
  1. MCP binds C3bBB
  2. MCP displaces Bb
  3. MCP C3b recruit factor I
  4. Factor I cleaves C3b- iC3b which is inactivated
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26
Q

during effector function of opsonizatioin C3 on the pathogen binds what and on what

A

CRI

phagocyte

27
Q

macrophage CRI binds what

A

C3b on bacterium

28
Q

what iniates signaling that leads to phagocytosis

A

macrophage endocytoses of the bacterium

29
Q

after macrophage endocytoses of the bacterium what happens

A

macrophage membranes fuse to create a phagosome

30
Q

after the creation of the phagosome what happens

A

the lysosome fuse with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome which breaks down the microbe

31
Q

what is true about the MAC

A

it is all over the surface of microbe it is not just one pore

32
Q

on the cells of pathogens how do u prevent mac to form

A

complement components C5-C9 assemble a complex that perforates the cell membrane

33
Q

on human cells how do u prevent mac

A

CD59 binds to C5b678 complex and prevents recruitment of C9 to form the pore

34
Q

what do C3 and C5 do

A

induce inflammation

35
Q

C3 and C5 increase what

A

blood vessel permeability

36
Q

what enters the infected tissue due to C3 and C5

A

complement and other plasma proteins and leukocytes

37
Q

what are membrane bound receptors on immune cells

A

C3aR and C5aR

38
Q

what are anapholotoxic

A

C3ar and C5aR

39
Q

what acts as a chemoattractant for neutrophils and monocytes

40
Q

what increases phagocytic activity

41
Q

what increases surface expression of CR1 and CR3 on phagocytes

42
Q

is C5a or C3a more potent

43
Q

what is a coagulation system

A

blood clotting

44
Q

what is a kinin system

A

bradykinin

45
Q

what does the kinin system do

A

decrease hypotension, relax smooth muscles, and dilated blood vessels

46
Q

what counteract microbial proteases

A

protease inhibitor

47
Q

example of protease inhibitor

A

alpha 2- macroglobulin

48
Q

microbial protease and alpha macroglobulin does what

A

form microbes

49
Q

protease cleaves bait which induces what

A

conformational change

50
Q

then alpha macroglobulin enshrouds and does what

A

wraps it up and deactivates it

51
Q

how long are AMPs

52
Q

are AMPs amphipathic

A

yes they have neg and pos

53
Q

AMP membrane microbes do what

A
  1. penetrate membrane
  2. disrupt membrane integrity
  3. lyse cells
54
Q

AMP toxins do what

A

bind to
local folding
toxin susceptible to protease
the host protease breakdown the toxin

55
Q

do groups of defensin classes

A

alpha and beta

56
Q

numbers of alpha

57
Q

numbers of beta

58
Q

what is 1-4 in alpha

A

part of neutrophil granules

59
Q

what is 5-6 in alpha

A

enteric and made by paneth cells in the intestine

60
Q

is beta well known

A

no not all gene products indentified

61
Q

what is a short pentraxin

A

serum amyloid p component

62
Q

what is a long pentraxin

A

PTX3 pentraxin 3

63
Q

what are ligands for short pentraxins

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

64
Q

what are ligands for long pentraxins

A

bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Immunology (16 decks)

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