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Immunology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunity?

A

preventing sickness when exposed to a microbe

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2
Q

is immunity long lasting

A

we want it to be

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3
Q

how do we acquire immunity?

A

exposure to microbes and vaccines

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4
Q

what happens the first time infected or exposed to a microbe

A

you acquire immunity to the microbe

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5
Q

what happens the second time infected or exposed to a microbe

A

you should have protection

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6
Q

what is a natural passive way to acquire immunity

A

Ab pass from mother to fetus

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7
Q

what is an acquired passive way to acquire immunity

A

inject Ab into people

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8
Q

what is a natural active way to acquire immunity

A

infection

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9
Q

what is an acquired active way to acquire immunity

A

vaccine

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10
Q

what type immunity in non-specific

A

innate

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11
Q

which type of immunity is second

A

adaptive

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12
Q

which type of immunity has memory

A

adaptive

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13
Q

what type of immunity happens fast and is ready to go immediately

A

innate

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14
Q

how long does adaptive immunity take

A

about 2 weeks

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15
Q

what barriers does innate immune response have

A

epithelium and mucosa

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16
Q

what carriers does innate immune response have

A

macrophage and dendritic cells

neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

NK cells

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17
Q

what chemicals does innate immune response have

A

sebum, AMP, and lysozyme

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18
Q

what recognition does innate immunity have

A

receptors= pattern recognition receptors

PAMPS= pathogen molecular patterns- something generic on a microbe

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19
Q

what are the effector functions of innate immunity

A

phagocytosis and releasing granules to kill the microbes

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20
Q

pathway of inflammation

A

receptor, cytokines, vasodilation, gaps in endothelium, vascular leakage, increased local liquid volume, pressure on nerve endings, WBC infiltration, inflammation

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21
Q

what is used for cells to communicate in inflammation

A

cytokines

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22
Q

increased local liquid volume means

A

swelling

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23
Q

why do we have pain at the cite, due to what

A

pressure on nerve endings

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24
Q

what does vasodilation do

A

creates gaps between cells in the endothelium

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25
Q

what are the recognition receptors in adaptive immunity

A

B cell and T cell receptor

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26
Q

BCR function comes from the

A

antibodies

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27
Q

what are two types of T cells

A

helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

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28
Q

what type of t cells helps activate other cells by secreting cytokines

A

helper T cells

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29
Q

what type of T cell helps kill infected cells which reduces replication of microbe

A

cytotoxic T cells

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30
Q

whats an example of helper T cells

A

macrophages

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31
Q

whats more important T or B cells

A

T cells, B cells are worthless without T

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32
Q

neutralization and promotion of phagocytosis is an example of what cells

A

BCR

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33
Q

what type of immunity is fixed

A

innate

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34
Q

microbes that make us sick are called

A

pathogens

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35
Q

whats an opportunistic pathogen

A

a microbe that is normally harmless but causes disease when microbiota or immune system is compromised

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36
Q

what are four classes of pathogens

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi (yeast), and parasites (protozoa or helminths)

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37
Q

what does microbiota stand for

A

good microbes

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38
Q

what does microbiota consist of

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and protozoa

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39
Q

what are benefits of microbiota

A

helps with digestion, barrier to pathogens- occupy space to prevent pathogen growth, keep pathogens in check within the body, and trains the immune system

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40
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur

A

bone marrow

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41
Q

the erythrocyte does what

A

oxygen transport

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42
Q

what helps with platelet formation and wound repair

A

megakaryocyte

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43
Q

neutrophils are team

A

granulocytes

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44
Q

what kind of nuclei do neutrophils have

A

lobed nuclei

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45
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms

46
Q

where are neutrophils stored

A

the bone marrow

47
Q

are neutrophils ready for action

A

no, they need to be called for duty from the bone marrow and go through the epithelial layer

48
Q

what blood cell kills antibody- coated parasites through release of toxic granule contents onto the surface of parasite

A

eosinophil

49
Q

what type of nucleus do eosinophils have

A

2 lobed

50
Q

what do eosinophils mediate

A

allergies

51
Q

what white blood cell controls immune responses to parasites or allergies

A

basophil

52
Q

what do granules do to the view of basophil nucleus

A

obsecures the view of the lobed nucleus

53
Q

what do mast cells do

A

expulsion of parasites from the body by release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

54
Q

what are team granulocytes

A

eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, mast cell

55
Q

what white blood cell has a normal nucleus

A

mast cell

56
Q

what enhances the immune response

A

histamines

57
Q

whats the circulating precursor of the macrophage

A

monocyte

58
Q

what team is a monocyte

A

phagocyte

59
Q

what WBC phagocytosis and kills microorganisms and helps with inflammation

A

macrophage

60
Q

where is the nucleus on a macrophage

A

on one side of the nucleus

61
Q

what are the clear spaces in a macrophage called

A

phagolysozome

62
Q

what happens in phagocytosis of a macrophage

A
  1. bacterium
  2. engulfment by phagosome
  3. degradation
  4. contents released into phagolysosome
  5. breaks it down when it fuses with lysosome which helps break down further and is released from the cell
63
Q

what happens during inflammation in a macrophage

A
  1. bacterium w/ bacterial component
  2. receptor binding that induces signaling and leads to transcription
  3. transcription
  4. released inflammatory cytokines
64
Q

what cell moves around a lot and come through the blood stream

A

dendritic cell

65
Q

what cells can sample an environment by reaching out

A

dendritic cells

66
Q

what is the bridge between innate immune system and the adaptive immune system

A

dendritic cells

67
Q

what cells do dendtric cells activate

A

T cells

68
Q

what do small lymphocytes look like

A

a nucleus with a very small amount of cytoplasm

69
Q

what cells make antibodies

A

B cells

70
Q

what helps B cells and kill infected cells

A

T cells

71
Q

what cells is terminally differentiated form of B cell that synthesizes and secretes antibodies

A

plasma cell

72
Q

what is an antibody factory?

A

plasma cell

73
Q

what vesicles do NK cells secrete

A

perforin and granzyme

74
Q

what does perforin do

A

pokes holes in membranes

75
Q

what do granzymes do

A

induce apoptosis

76
Q

what do NK cells do

A

kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells

77
Q

what are B/T cell receptors also known as

A

antigen receptors

78
Q

what does each cell have that helps with specificity?

A

single antigens

79
Q

are B/T cell receptors germ line encoded, if not how is there diversity?

A

no, diversity comes from random gene rearrangements

80
Q

where does the transmembrane region bind too

A

directly to the antigen

81
Q

what does the major histocompatibility complex do

A

show antigen to T cells

82
Q

what are two types of antigens

A

B cells and T cells

83
Q

what are types of B cells

A

carbohydrates, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids

84
Q

what are types of T cells

A

8-16 aa peptides or proteins presented by MHC molecules

85
Q

what are antibody functions

A

neutralization and opsoinization

86
Q

what does neutralization do

A

blocks entry bind by taking up binding sites

87
Q

what does opsonization do

A

tag for phagozytosis

88
Q

how many antigen binding cites are on B cell receptors

A

2

89
Q

do the two binding sites recognize different or the same thing

A

the same thing

90
Q

for MHC class I, what does it recognize

A

any infected of cancerous cell

91
Q

for MHC class II, what does it recognize

A

B cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells

92
Q

the T cell partially interacts with both?

A

the peptide and the MHC class I and II

93
Q

what are two types of lymphoid tissue

A

primary and secondary

94
Q

what tissue do B and T cells develop

A

primary

95
Q

what tissue do B and T cells get activated

A

secondary

96
Q

the thymus is what kind of cells

A

T cells

97
Q

the bone marrow is what kind of cells

A

B cells

98
Q

are thymus and bone marrow primary or secondary tissue

A

primary

99
Q

name the 7 secondary organ tissues

A

adenoid, tonsil, lymph node, appendix, lymphatics, spleen, and peyer’s patch

100
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filters blood and immune response to blood infections

101
Q

what shape is a lymph node

A

kidney shaped

102
Q

afferent means

A

entering the cell

103
Q

efferent means

A

exiting the cell

104
Q

where do B cells usually stay in a lymph node

A

lymphoid follicle

105
Q

what part of the lymph node-connect in the T zone

A

artery vein

106
Q

what is true about a germinal center

A

it gets larger and then will shrink at the end of infection

107
Q

what are the two major types of anatomy of spleen

A

white and red pulp

108
Q

what happens in the white pulp of a spleen

A

it is where immune response happens

109
Q

what happens in the red pulp of a spleen

A

filters blood

110
Q
A

Immunology (14 decks)

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