Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is immunity?
preventing sickness when exposed to a microbe
is immunity long lasting
we want it to be
how do we acquire immunity?
exposure to microbes and vaccines
what happens the first time infected or exposed to a microbe
you acquire immunity to the microbe
what happens the second time infected or exposed to a microbe
you should have protection
what is a natural passive way to acquire immunity
Ab pass from mother to fetus
what is an acquired passive way to acquire immunity
inject Ab into people
what is a natural active way to acquire immunity
infection
what is an acquired active way to acquire immunity
vaccine
what type immunity in non-specific
innate
which type of immunity is second
adaptive
which type of immunity has memory
adaptive
what type of immunity happens fast and is ready to go immediately
innate
how long does adaptive immunity take
about 2 weeks
what barriers does innate immune response have
epithelium and mucosa
what carriers does innate immune response have
macrophage and dendritic cells
neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils
NK cells
what chemicals does innate immune response have
sebum, AMP, and lysozyme
what recognition does innate immunity have
receptors= pattern recognition receptors
PAMPS= pathogen molecular patterns- something generic on a microbe
what are the effector functions of innate immunity
phagocytosis and releasing granules to kill the microbes
pathway of inflammation
receptor, cytokines, vasodilation, gaps in endothelium, vascular leakage, increased local liquid volume, pressure on nerve endings, WBC infiltration, inflammation
what is used for cells to communicate in inflammation
cytokines
increased local liquid volume means
swelling
why do we have pain at the cite, due to what
pressure on nerve endings
what does vasodilation do
creates gaps between cells in the endothelium
what are the recognition receptors in adaptive immunity
B cell and T cell receptor
BCR function comes from the
antibodies
what are two types of T cells
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
what type of t cells helps activate other cells by secreting cytokines
helper T cells
what type of T cell helps kill infected cells which reduces replication of microbe
cytotoxic T cells
whats an example of helper T cells
macrophages
whats more important T or B cells
T cells, B cells are worthless without T
neutralization and promotion of phagocytosis is an example of what cells
BCR
what type of immunity is fixed
innate
microbes that make us sick are called
pathogens
whats an opportunistic pathogen
a microbe that is normally harmless but causes disease when microbiota or immune system is compromised
what are four classes of pathogens
bacteria, viruses, fungi (yeast), and parasites (protozoa or helminths)
what does microbiota stand for
good microbes
what does microbiota consist of
bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and protozoa
what are benefits of microbiota
helps with digestion, barrier to pathogens- occupy space to prevent pathogen growth, keep pathogens in check within the body, and trains the immune system
where does hematopoiesis occur
bone marrow
the erythrocyte does what
oxygen transport
what helps with platelet formation and wound repair
megakaryocyte
neutrophils are team
granulocytes
what kind of nuclei do neutrophils have
lobed nuclei
what do neutrophils do
phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
where are neutrophils stored
the bone marrow
are neutrophils ready for action
no, they need to be called for duty from the bone marrow and go through the epithelial layer
what blood cell kills antibody- coated parasites through release of toxic granule contents onto the surface of parasite
eosinophil
what type of nucleus do eosinophils have
2 lobed
what do eosinophils mediate
allergies
what white blood cell controls immune responses to parasites or allergies
basophil
what do granules do to the view of basophil nucleus
obsecures the view of the lobed nucleus
what do mast cells do
expulsion of parasites from the body by release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
what are team granulocytes
eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, mast cell
what white blood cell has a normal nucleus
mast cell
what enhances the immune response
histamines
whats the circulating precursor of the macrophage
monocyte
what team is a monocyte
phagocyte
what WBC phagocytosis and kills microorganisms and helps with inflammation
macrophage
where is the nucleus on a macrophage
on one side of the nucleus
what are the clear spaces in a macrophage called
phagolysozome
what happens in phagocytosis of a macrophage
- bacterium
- engulfment by phagosome
- degradation
- contents released into phagolysosome
- breaks it down when it fuses with lysosome which helps break down further and is released from the cell
what happens during inflammation in a macrophage
- bacterium w/ bacterial component
- receptor binding that induces signaling and leads to transcription
- transcription
- released inflammatory cytokines
what cell moves around a lot and come through the blood stream
dendritic cell
what cells can sample an environment by reaching out
dendritic cells
what is the bridge between innate immune system and the adaptive immune system
dendritic cells
what cells do dendtric cells activate
T cells
what do small lymphocytes look like
a nucleus with a very small amount of cytoplasm
what cells make antibodies
B cells
what helps B cells and kill infected cells
T cells
what cells is terminally differentiated form of B cell that synthesizes and secretes antibodies
plasma cell
what is an antibody factory?
plasma cell
what vesicles do NK cells secrete
perforin and granzyme
what does perforin do
pokes holes in membranes
what do granzymes do
induce apoptosis
what do NK cells do
kills virus-infected cells and tumor cells
what are B/T cell receptors also known as
antigen receptors
what does each cell have that helps with specificity?
single antigens
are B/T cell receptors germ line encoded, if not how is there diversity?
no, diversity comes from random gene rearrangements
where does the transmembrane region bind too
directly to the antigen
what does the major histocompatibility complex do
show antigen to T cells
what are two types of antigens
B cells and T cells
what are types of B cells
carbohydrates, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids
what are types of T cells
8-16 aa peptides or proteins presented by MHC molecules
what are antibody functions
neutralization and opsoinization
what does neutralization do
blocks entry bind by taking up binding sites
what does opsonization do
tag for phagozytosis
how many antigen binding cites are on B cell receptors
2
do the two binding sites recognize different or the same thing
the same thing
for MHC class I, what does it recognize
any infected of cancerous cell
for MHC class II, what does it recognize
B cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells
the T cell partially interacts with both?
the peptide and the MHC class I and II
what are two types of lymphoid tissue
primary and secondary
what tissue do B and T cells develop
primary
what tissue do B and T cells get activated
secondary
the thymus is what kind of cells
T cells
the bone marrow is what kind of cells
B cells
are thymus and bone marrow primary or secondary tissue
primary
name the 7 secondary organ tissues
adenoid, tonsil, lymph node, appendix, lymphatics, spleen, and peyer’s patch
what does the spleen do
filters blood and immune response to blood infections
what shape is a lymph node
kidney shaped
afferent means
entering the cell
efferent means
exiting the cell
where do B cells usually stay in a lymph node
lymphoid follicle
what part of the lymph node-connect in the T zone
artery vein
what is true about a germinal center
it gets larger and then will shrink at the end of infection
what are the two major types of anatomy of spleen
white and red pulp
what happens in the white pulp of a spleen
it is where immune response happens
what happens in the red pulp of a spleen
filters blood
