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Immunology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

antibodies are also called

A

immunoglobulins

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2
Q

antibodies are made by

A

plasma cells

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2
Q

what plasma makes antibodies

A

plasma of blood, lymph, and mucosal surfaces

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3
Q

most common antigens that it recognizes is

A

proteins and carbohydrates

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4
Q

vaccine protection relies on

A

Ab

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5
Q

how does vaccine protection relie on Ab through what

A

phagocytosis and neutralization

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6
Q

1 antigen or small number of structurally similar antigens is called

A

Ab specficity

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7
Q

what binds 2 places on one microbe or 1 place on each of 2 microbes

A

Ab specificity

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8
Q

what is all the individual things Ab recognize called

A

Ab repertoire

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9
Q

all specificities of Ab about 10 to the 9th

A

Ab repertoire

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10
Q

what is clonal expansioin

A

massive proliferation of a B cell with infection relevant specificity

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11
Q

3 steps of clonal expansion

A
  1. resting B cell
    (small number of B cell w/ specificity)
  2. encounter with antigen
    ( recognize infection)
  3. stimulated B cell gives rise to antibody-secreting plasma cell
    (B cell proliferate and diff into plasma cell)
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12
Q

best/ most abundant/ most versatile antibody isotype

A

IgG

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13
Q

what antobody isotypes act as B cell receptors

A

IgM and IgD

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14
Q

what antibody isotype helps with parasitic infection and allergies

A

IgE

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15
Q

a lot of antigen binding is mediated by interaction with what?

A

the host cell

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16
Q

hinge region has what type of bonds

A

disulfide bonds

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16
Q

what region actually binds antigen

A

variable region

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17
Q

Fab region consists of

A

heavy and light chains and does the binding

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18
Q

the constant region of the antibody structure interacts with

A

host cells

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19
Q

the base of the antibody structure consists of heavy or light

A

heavy chain

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20
Q

the hinge region provides

A

flexibility

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21
Q

each Ab has how many arms

A

2

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22
Q

do each arm recognize the same thing on an Ab

A

yes

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23
Q

the hinge region allows flexibility of where the antibody can bind the the distance between

A

Ag

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24
Q

Ig means

A

immunoglobulin

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25
Q

the antigen binding sites are what so that we can bind all the things

A

hypervariable

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26
Q

hypervariable region has what kind of loops

A

CDR

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27
Q

Loops bind to what

A

Ag

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28
Q

how many loops in each heavy and light chain

A

3

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29
Q

what is something antibodies can bind

A

antigen

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30
Q

what are epitopes

A

amino acids that the antibody binds

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31
Q

can an antigen have more than one epitopes

A

yes

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32
Q

can one antibody type bind multiple of the same epitopes

A

yes

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33
Q

antigen and antibody match

A

shapes for binding

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34
Q

bind to amino acid next to each other is called

A

linear epitope

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35
Q

what is a more common type of antigen binding and the amino acids are not next to each other in sequence but are in a folded protein

A

discontinuous epitope

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36
Q

what type of antibody does not exist in the wild

A

monoclonal

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37
Q

how are antibodies normally found

A

in polyclonal form

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38
Q

all ab are identical and all bind one thing

A

monoclonal

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39
Q

bunch of different antibodies with different specifities

A

polyclonal

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40
Q

antiserum- inoculate animal- isolate serum (pool of antibodies to a specific Ag) is what type of antibody

A

polyclonal

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41
Q

pool of antibodies that are all specific to an epitope of an Ag

A

monoclonal antibody

42
Q

what is great for therapies

A

monoclonal

43
Q

mouse is

A

full mouse

44
Q

chimeric

A

human constant region

45
Q

humanized

A

mostly human some mouse in variable region

46
Q

fully human

A

fully human

47
Q

monoclonal antibody treatments were all made in what

A

mice

48
Q

how would monoclonal antibody treatments be recognized in our bodies

A

as foreign

49
Q

lambda light chain locus is on what chromosome

A

chromosome 22

50
Q

kappa light chain locus is on what chromosome

A

chromosome 2

51
Q

heavy chain locus is on what chromosome

A

chromosome 14

52
Q

variable region is composed of how many segments

A

3

53
Q

is diversity in heavy or light chains

A

heavy

54
Q

what side would RSS be on

A

3 prime end of V

55
Q

what side is V on

A

5 prime

56
Q

RSS stands for

A

recombination signal sequence

57
Q

what always touches the segment

A

heptamers

58
Q

heptamers always have

A

1 12 and 1 23 spacers

59
Q

for heavy chain V and J always have the same

A

spacers

60
Q

can we delete the diversity segment

A

no

61
Q

what segment has the same spacer on 5 prime and 3 prime

A

D segment

62
Q

what does all the recombination

A

RAG1/2

63
Q

RAG1/2 is only expressed in developing

A

B and T cells

64
Q

enzyme conformation requires a

A

12 and 23 spacer

65
Q

RAG1/2 cleaves between

A

segment and heptamer

66
Q

the coding joint is where

A

V and J come together

67
Q

what happens in the signaling joint

A

DNA in the middle-> dont want-> degraded

68
Q

germline DNA has all

A

possibilities

69
Q

VJ-joined rearranges DNA

A

within individual B cell

70
Q

IgM and IgD are expressed on the surface of a

A

B cell

71
Q

alternative splicing dictates

A

IgM (normal)
IgD (alternative)

72
Q

B cell receptor heterodimer=

A

signaling domain

73
Q

short tails->

A

no signaling on its own

74
Q

somatic hypermutation is unique to

A

BCRs

75
Q

somatic hypermutation is only in B cells that have

A

seen antigens

76
Q

somatic hypermutation is mediated by

A

AID enzymes

77
Q

C-> U conversions get repair with random nucleotide is an example of

A

NHEJ complex

78
Q

process of selecting BCR that binds the best is called

A

affinity maturation

79
Q

one week after primary immunization what antibody is made

A

IgM

80
Q

two weeks after primary immunization what antibodies are made

A

IgM/ IgG

81
Q

TMD means

A

transmembrane domain

82
Q

what determines BCR vx antibody for IgM and IgD only

A

alternative splicing

83
Q

secretion domain lack what

A

TMD

84
Q

TMD binds

A

BCR

85
Q

J chain allows for

A

oligomerization of 5 IgMs

86
Q

isotype switching=

A

class switching

87
Q

isotype switching goes from IgM to

A

IgG/A/E

88
Q

once isotype switching happens the B cell can no longer make

A

IgM or IgD

89
Q

switch regions are roughly equivalent to

A

RSSs

90
Q

class swithes also use

A

AID

91
Q

once something is X out can u undergo futher class switching

A

yes to something not X out

92
Q

what mediates removal or intervening sequence

A

loop AID

93
Q

is VDJ recomincation variable of heavy and light chain alt splicing or recombination

A

recombinatioin

94
Q

class switching make IgG/A/E is alt or recombination

A

recombination

95
Q

IgM BCR to IgD BCR is alt or recombination

A

alt

96
Q

make secreted IgM ot IgD is alt or recomb

A

alt

97
Q

Dimeric IgA with j chain helps with

A

clumping

98
Q

IgG is

A

flexible

99
Q

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 is neutralization or complement

A

complement

100
Q

IgG4 is complement or neutralization

A

neutralization

101
Q

is IgG4 monomeric

A

yes

102
Q

in the curculation of IgG4 molecules become functionally

A

monovalent

103
Q

IgG4 is unnatural and only happens in

A

circulation

104
Q

IgG4 recgonize different things with

A

each arm

Immunology (14 decks)

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