Chapter 3 Flashcards
what influences gene expression
transcription factors
gene expression influences
effector function
examples of effector functions
- production of AMPs
- increase phagocytosis
- cytokines production
- proliferation
- activating other cells
self vs non-self vs altered self are considered what
ligands
self ligands are
healthy human cells
healthy human cells do what
do not initiate a response
non-self ligands are
microbial cells
microbial cells in non-self ligands activate what
immune system
altered self ligands are
infected or cancerous cells
infected or cancerous cells initiate
an immune response
in self ligands, if you have a response what do you have
an autoimmune disease
tissue resident macrophage can signal through
channels
functions of tissue resident macrophages
- long lived
- capacity to self renew
- scavengers- hanging in the tissues to clean up dead and dying cells
- phagocytosis
SR-A1
SR-A6
SR-B2
SR-E2
SR-E3
are what
scavenger receptors
+ or - phagocytosis and signaling
+ for phagocytosis
- for signaling
for toll like receptors what is neg and pos for signaling and phagocytosis
-: phagocytosis
+ for signaling
the mannose receptor has how many extracellular domains of 4 types
10
receptor binds ligand and the surface sugars of a bacterium are bound by two?
CTLD domains
macrophage ingests bacterium by
receptor- mediated endocytosis
bacterial degradation begins in the
endosome
endosome fuses with lysosome to form
phagolysosome in which bacterium is further degraded
what happens to the mannose receptor at the end of this
the mannose receptor is returned to the cell surface and is recycled
what is the structure if toll-like receptor 4
leucin-rish repeats which bind PAMPS
TIR domain which is the signaling domain
TLR ligands include
plasma membrane receptors
endosomal receptors
plasma membrane receptors include
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
endosomal receptors include
nucleic acids
plasma membrane receptors recognize
extracellular infections
endosomal receptors recognize
intracellular infection
TLR4 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor
ligand: lipopolysaccharide
MO: gram negative bacteria
cellular location: Plasma membrane
TLR7 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor
ligand: single stranded viral RNAs
MO: RNA viruses
location: endosomes
TLR8 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor
ligand: single stranded viral RNAs
MO: RNA viruses
location: endosomes
TLR9 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor
ligands: unmethylated CpG-rich DNA
MO: bacteria and DNA viruses
location: endosomes
TLR3 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor
ligands: double-stranded viral RNA
MO: RNA viruses
location: endosomes
TLR5 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor
ligand: flagellin, a protein
MO: bacteria
location: plasma membrane
what kind of receptors are NOD receptors
cytoplasmic receptors
NOD1 and NOD2 recognize
breakdown products of peptidoglycan (bacterial cell wall component)
NOD1 ligand: gamma-glutamyl diaminopimelic acid degrades
gram negatice peptidoglycan
NOD2 ligand: muramyl dipeptide degrades
gram + and gram - of peptidogylcan
IFN induction and response is an example of
home invasion and alerting neighborhood
interferon induction starts in
infected cell
the infected signals transcription factors …
IRF 3/7
IRF3/7 induce
gene expression of type I interferons
IFN alpha beta signals
IFN binding receptors
IFN binding receptors induce
antiviral genes
IFN stimulated genes (ISGs)
RIG-I-like receptors are found in the
cytoplasm
IFN response pathway
IFN alpha/beta
STAT1 (TR)
Gene expression of ISGs
(create antiviral state)
what are IFN stimulated genes
OAS1 and PKR
OAS1 does what
degrade viral RNA
PKR does what
shut down translation
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells circulate in
lymph and blood
plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate
TLR7 and TLR9
activated TLR7 and 9 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate
IRF3/7 which induces IFN alpha and beta in endosome
inflammasome effector proteins
IL-a alpha
IL-1 Beta
whats pre-formed and store inside cells as inactive form
inflammasome
NLRP is a
receptor
NLRP induces
inflammation
how does NLRP induce inflammation
by oligomerize
pre-IL-I beta/alpha go to
IL-1 beta/ alpha
inflammatory cells death is called
pyroptosis
lots of pores in pyroptosis means
cell death
name 3 inflammatory cells death
caspase 4
gastrodermin D
pores in membrane
what has 11 gene members, conserved, all remain functional
IL-1 alpha/beta family
macrophages secrete what to attract immune cells to the site of infection
cytokines
TNF- alpha has
vascular leakage
IL-6 induces
fever
CXCL8 has
chemokine
CCl2 has
chemokine
what is chemokine
attracts other cells
what recruits monocytes or macrophages or dendritic cells
CCL2
IL-12 recuits
NK cells
how many chemokines are there
40
CC, CXC,CX3C, XC are
chemokines
how many chemokine receptors
22
CCR, CXCR, etc are
chemokine receptors
extravasation means
cells moving from blood stream into tissues
neutrophils release enzymes to degrade
laminin and collagen
where do neutrophils migrate in tissues
migrate up to CXCL8 gradient which is towards the higher sone
once neutrophils are in tissues they
alter gene expression to increase phagocytosis and killing
order neutrophil granules form
azuriphilic , specific, gelatinase, and secretory vesicles
order neutrophil granules release
secretory vesicles, gelatinase, specfic, azurophilic
lysozymes, defesins, myloperoxidase, and protease are in
azurophilic which disrupt and digest microbes
lactoferrin , lysozyme, and membrane proteins are in
specfic
proteolytic enzymes, and other proteases that require metals are in
gelantinase
adhesion molecules and surface glycoproteins are in
secretory vesicles
what are respiratory bursts
oxygen free radicals that can help break down the microbe
how long do neutrophils survice
few hours
bacteria that causes surface expression and recruit lots of neutrophils and abscesses
pyogenic bacteria
what are neutrophil extracellular traps made of
chromatin
pyrogens induce
fever
endogenous are
cytokines
exogenous are
bacterial components
other cytokines lead to
lethargy, somnolescence, anorexia
why do we sleep off infection
to direct energy to immune system
where are acute phase proteins produced
liver
steps for acute phase proteins
- macrophage and phagocytosis
- help secrete IL-6
- IL-6 interacts w receptors on liver cells
- liver cells produce app
whats used as a diagnositic for infection
c reactive protein
what interacts with macrophage receptors and induce inflammatory cytokine production
serum amyloid a
serum amyloid a is a positive feedback for
more inflammation
mannose binding is in what pathway
lectin
subpopulation of NK cells
CD56dim
CD56bright
CD56dim
differntiate into cytotoxic cells
CDC56bright
cytokine secretion
does CD56 dim or bright come first
cd56bright
more inhibitory of NK cell signals means
NK cells release the cell and more on
more activating of NK cells means
NK cells release killing molcules
TLR3
dsrna
TLR7
ssrna
TLR8
ssrna
