Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what influences gene expression

A

transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gene expression influences

A

effector function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

examples of effector functions

A
  1. production of AMPs
  2. increase phagocytosis
  3. cytokines production
  4. proliferation
  5. activating other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

self vs non-self vs altered self are considered what

A

ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

self ligands are

A

healthy human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

healthy human cells do what

A

do not initiate a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

non-self ligands are

A

microbial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

microbial cells in non-self ligands activate what

A

immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

altered self ligands are

A

infected or cancerous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

infected or cancerous cells initiate

A

an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in self ligands, if you have a response what do you have

A

an autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tissue resident macrophage can signal through

A

channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

functions of tissue resident macrophages

A
  1. long lived
  2. capacity to self renew
  3. scavengers- hanging in the tissues to clean up dead and dying cells
  4. phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SR-A1
SR-A6
SR-B2
SR-E2
SR-E3
are what

A

scavenger receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

+ or - phagocytosis and signaling

A

+ for phagocytosis
- for signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

for toll like receptors what is neg and pos for signaling and phagocytosis

A

-: phagocytosis
+ for signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the mannose receptor has how many extracellular domains of 4 types

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

receptor binds ligand and the surface sugars of a bacterium are bound by two?

A

CTLD domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

macrophage ingests bacterium by

A

receptor- mediated endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

bacterial degradation begins in the

A

endosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

endosome fuses with lysosome to form

A

phagolysosome in which bacterium is further degraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens to the mannose receptor at the end of this

A

the mannose receptor is returned to the cell surface and is recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the structure if toll-like receptor 4

A

leucin-rish repeats which bind PAMPS
TIR domain which is the signaling domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TLR ligands include

A

plasma membrane receptors
endosomal receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

plasma membrane receptors include

A

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

endosomal receptors include

A

nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

plasma membrane receptors recognize

A

extracellular infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

endosomal receptors recognize

A

intracellular infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

TLR4 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor

A

ligand: lipopolysaccharide
MO: gram negative bacteria
cellular location: Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TLR7 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor

A

ligand: single stranded viral RNAs
MO: RNA viruses
location: endosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TLR8 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor

A

ligand: single stranded viral RNAs
MO: RNA viruses
location: endosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

TLR9 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor

A

ligands: unmethylated CpG-rich DNA
MO: bacteria and DNA viruses
location: endosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

TLR3 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor

A

ligands: double-stranded viral RNA
MO: RNA viruses
location: endosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

TLR5 HOMODIMER
ligands, MO recognized, cellular location of receptor

A

ligand: flagellin, a protein
MO: bacteria
location: plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what kind of receptors are NOD receptors

A

cytoplasmic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

NOD1 and NOD2 recognize

A

breakdown products of peptidoglycan (bacterial cell wall component)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

NOD1 ligand: gamma-glutamyl diaminopimelic acid degrades

A

gram negatice peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

NOD2 ligand: muramyl dipeptide degrades

A

gram + and gram - of peptidogylcan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

IFN induction and response is an example of

A

home invasion and alerting neighborhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

interferon induction starts in

A

infected cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the infected signals transcription factors …

A

IRF 3/7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

IRF3/7 induce

A

gene expression of type I interferons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

IFN alpha beta signals

A

IFN binding receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

IFN binding receptors induce

A

antiviral genes
IFN stimulated genes (ISGs)

45
Q

RIG-I-like receptors are found in the

A

cytoplasm

46
Q

IFN response pathway

A

IFN alpha/beta

STAT1 (TR)

Gene expression of ISGs
(create antiviral state)

47
Q

what are IFN stimulated genes

A

OAS1 and PKR

48
Q

OAS1 does what

A

degrade viral RNA

49
Q

PKR does what

A

shut down translation

50
Q

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells circulate in

A

lymph and blood

51
Q

plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate

A

TLR7 and TLR9

52
Q

activated TLR7 and 9 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate

A

IRF3/7 which induces IFN alpha and beta in endosome

53
Q

inflammasome effector proteins

A

IL-a alpha
IL-1 Beta

54
Q

whats pre-formed and store inside cells as inactive form

A

inflammasome

55
Q

NLRP is a

A

receptor

56
Q

NLRP induces

A

inflammation

57
Q

how does NLRP induce inflammation

A

by oligomerize

58
Q

pre-IL-I beta/alpha go to

A

IL-1 beta/ alpha

59
Q

inflammatory cells death is called

A

pyroptosis

60
Q

lots of pores in pyroptosis means

A

cell death

61
Q

name 3 inflammatory cells death

A

caspase 4
gastrodermin D
pores in membrane

62
Q

what has 11 gene members, conserved, all remain functional

A

IL-1 alpha/beta family

63
Q

macrophages secrete what to attract immune cells to the site of infection

A

cytokines

64
Q

TNF- alpha has

A

vascular leakage

65
Q

IL-6 induces

A

fever

66
Q

CXCL8 has

A

chemokine

67
Q

CCl2 has

A

chemokine

68
Q

what is chemokine

A

attracts other cells

69
Q

what recruits monocytes or macrophages or dendritic cells

A

CCL2

70
Q

IL-12 recuits

A

NK cells

71
Q

how many chemokines are there

A

40

72
Q

CC, CXC,CX3C, XC are

A

chemokines

73
Q

how many chemokine receptors

A

22

74
Q

CCR, CXCR, etc are

A

chemokine receptors

75
Q

extravasation means

A

cells moving from blood stream into tissues

76
Q

neutrophils release enzymes to degrade

A

laminin and collagen

77
Q

where do neutrophils migrate in tissues

A

migrate up to CXCL8 gradient which is towards the higher sone

78
Q

once neutrophils are in tissues they

A

alter gene expression to increase phagocytosis and killing

79
Q

order neutrophil granules form

A

azuriphilic , specific, gelatinase, and secretory vesicles

80
Q

order neutrophil granules release

A

secretory vesicles, gelatinase, specfic, azurophilic

81
Q

lysozymes, defesins, myloperoxidase, and protease are in

A

azurophilic which disrupt and digest microbes

82
Q

lactoferrin , lysozyme, and membrane proteins are in

A

specfic

83
Q

proteolytic enzymes, and other proteases that require metals are in

A

gelantinase

84
Q

adhesion molecules and surface glycoproteins are in

A

secretory vesicles

85
Q

what are respiratory bursts

A

oxygen free radicals that can help break down the microbe

86
Q

how long do neutrophils survice

A

few hours

87
Q

bacteria that causes surface expression and recruit lots of neutrophils and abscesses

A

pyogenic bacteria

88
Q

what are neutrophil extracellular traps made of

A

chromatin

89
Q

pyrogens induce

A

fever

90
Q

endogenous are

A

cytokines

91
Q

exogenous are

A

bacterial components

92
Q

other cytokines lead to

A

lethargy, somnolescence, anorexia

93
Q

why do we sleep off infection

A

to direct energy to immune system

94
Q

where are acute phase proteins produced

A

liver

95
Q

steps for acute phase proteins

A
  1. macrophage and phagocytosis
  2. help secrete IL-6
  3. IL-6 interacts w receptors on liver cells
  4. liver cells produce app
96
Q

whats used as a diagnositic for infection

A

c reactive protein

97
Q

what interacts with macrophage receptors and induce inflammatory cytokine production

A

serum amyloid a

98
Q

serum amyloid a is a positive feedback for

A

more inflammation

99
Q

mannose binding is in what pathway

A

lectin

100
Q

subpopulation of NK cells

A

CD56dim
CD56bright

101
Q

CD56dim

A

differntiate into cytotoxic cells

102
Q

CDC56bright

A

cytokine secretion

103
Q

does CD56 dim or bright come first

A

cd56bright

104
Q

more inhibitory of NK cell signals means

A

NK cells release the cell and more on

105
Q

more activating of NK cells means

A

NK cells release killing molcules

106
Q

TLR3

A

dsrna

107
Q

TLR7

A

ssrna

108
Q

TLR8

A

ssrna

Immunology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions