Chapter 8

Question 1

Self-concept

Answer 1

sense of self; mental picture of one’s abilities and traits

Question 2

Real Self

Answer 2

the self one actually is

Question 3

Ideal Self

Answer 3

the self one would like to be
**It is hard for preschoolers to distinguish between who they really are and who they want to be

Question 4

How Does Race Play a Role in Self-concept?

Answer 4

**self-concept is very dependent on socialization, family, racial pride & heritage as to how race influences a child’s self-concept

Question 5

Describe Cultural Differences in Self-concept

Answer 5

**INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures focus on independence, autonomy, self-reliance and COLLECTIVISTIC cultures focus on humility, relationships, & community

Question 6

How can a Disability Affect Self-concept?

Answer 6

some disabilities do not have a strong effect on self-concept but some do affect beliefs about physical competence, physical appearance, and social
acceptance

Question 7

Self-esteem

Answer 7

the judgment a person makes about their self-worth

Question 8

Describe Developmental Changes in Self-esteem

Answer 8

most children overestimate their abilities
**High self-esteem is predictive of positive outcomes for children!

Question 9

Social Emotions

Answer 9

emotions involved in the
regulation of social behavior that requires self-awareness and the understanding of others’ viewpoints **At about age 3 a child can experience guilt,
shame, and pride. If you are ashamed of doing something you shouldn’t do, then you might not do it again

Question 10

Gender Identity

Answer 10

awareness that one is male or female – developed in early childhood

Question 11

Gender Differences

Answer 11

psychological or behavioral differences between males and females – some differences become more apparent after age 3

Question 12

Gender Roles

Answer 12

behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex

Question 13

Gender-typing

Answer 13

socialization process whereby
children learn appropriate gender roles at an early age

Question 14

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 14

generalizations about male or female role behavior

Question 15

Gender Constancy

Answer 15

awareness that one will
always be male or female

Question 16

Gender Stability

Answer 16

awareness that gender does not
change

Question 17

Gender Consistency

Answer 17

realization that gender remains constant even if outward appearances, like hairstyle or apparel, are altered

Question 18

Peer Influences

Answer 18

preschoolers prefer same sex playmates and being gender atypical is associated with negative outcomes among peers

Question 19

Describe Children’s Play

Answer 19

**Children’s play is:
1) Very important to the development of body &
mind!
2) The context in which much of the most
important learning occurs!
3) The driver of the intellect!
4) NECESSARY AND VALUABLE!

Question 20

Functional Play

Answer 20

play involving repetitive large
muscular movements (rolling a ball)

Question 21

Constructive Play

Answer 21

play involving use of objects
or materials to make something (building something out of blocks)

Question 22

Dramatic Play

Answer 22

play involving imaginary people
or situations

Question 23

Formal Games With Rules

Answer 23

organized games with known procedures and penalties

Question 24

Gender Segregation

Answer 24

the tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender

Question 25

Discipline

Answer 25

methods of molding children’s
character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior

Question 26

External Reinforcments

Answer 26

rewards for behavior
that come from outside the child, such as candy or praise – the hope is that external reinforcements will eventually become internal

Question 27

Internal Reward

Answer 27

a sense of pleasure or
accomplishment

Question 28

Corporal Punishment

Answer 28

use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not
injury to correct or control behavior

Question 29

Inductive Techniques

Answer 29

disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness – this is the most effective type of discipline

Question 30

Power Assertion

Answer 30

disciplinary strategy designed
to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control – most ineffective form of discipline

Question 31

Withdrawal of Love

Answer 31

disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child – form of emotional abuse

Question 32

Neglectful or Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 32

parenting style in which parents focus on their own needs rather than those of the child, sometimes because of stress or depression

Question 33

Only Children Facts

Answer 33

**only children are often accused of being spoiled and selfish but those are stereotypes. Only children outperform children with siblings academically. About 18% of families have an only child

Question 34

Playmates and Friends Facts

Answer 34

**at about age 3, preschoolers prefer prosocial behaviors in
order to make and be a friend and they dislike antisocial
behaviors