Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Self-concept

A

sense of self; mental picture of one’s abilities and traits

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2
Q

Real Self

A

the self one actually is

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3
Q

Ideal Self

A

the self one would like to be
**It is hard for preschoolers to distinguish between who they really are and who they want to be

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4
Q

How Does Race Play a Role in Self-concept?

A

**self-concept is very dependent on socialization, family, racial pride & heritage as to how race influences a child’s self-concept

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5
Q

Describe Cultural Differences in Self-concept

A

**INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures focus on independence, autonomy, self-reliance and COLLECTIVISTIC cultures focus on humility, relationships, & community

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6
Q

How can a Disability Affect Self-concept?

A

some disabilities do not have a strong effect on self-concept but some do affect beliefs about physical competence, physical appearance, and social
acceptance

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7
Q

Self-esteem

A

the judgment a person makes about their self-worth

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8
Q

Describe Developmental Changes in Self-esteem

A

most children overestimate their abilities
**High self-esteem is predictive of positive outcomes for children!

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9
Q

Social Emotions

A

emotions involved in the
regulation of social behavior that requires self-awareness and the understanding of others’ viewpoints **At about age 3 a child can experience guilt,
shame, and pride. If you are ashamed of doing something you shouldn’t do, then you might not do it again

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10
Q

Gender Identity

A

awareness that one is male or female – developed in early childhood

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11
Q

Gender Differences

A

psychological or behavioral differences between males and females – some differences become more apparent after age 3

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12
Q

Gender Roles

A

behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex

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13
Q

Gender-typing

A

socialization process whereby
children learn appropriate gender roles at an early age

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14
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

generalizations about male or female role behavior

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15
Q

Gender Constancy

A

awareness that one will
always be male or female

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16
Q

Gender Stability

A

awareness that gender does not
change

17
Q

Gender Consistency

A

realization that gender remains constant even if outward appearances, like hairstyle or apparel, are altered

18
Q

Peer Influences

A

preschoolers prefer same sex playmates and being gender atypical is associated with negative outcomes among peers

19
Q

Describe Children’s Play

A

**Children’s play is:
1) Very important to the development of body &
mind!
2) The context in which much of the most
important learning occurs!
3) The driver of the intellect!
4) NECESSARY AND VALUABLE!

20
Q

Functional Play

A

play involving repetitive large
muscular movements (rolling a ball)

21
Q

Constructive Play

A

play involving use of objects
or materials to make something (building something out of blocks)

22
Q

Dramatic Play

A

play involving imaginary people
or situations

23
Q

Formal Games With Rules

A

organized games with known procedures and penalties

24
Q

Gender Segregation

A

the tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender

25
Discipline
methods of molding children’s character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior
26
External Reinforcments
rewards for behavior that come from outside the child, such as candy or praise – the hope is that external reinforcements will eventually become internal
27
Internal Reward
a sense of pleasure or accomplishment
28
Corporal Punishment
use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury to correct or control behavior
29
Inductive Techniques
disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness – this is the most effective type of discipline
30
Power Assertion
disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control -- most ineffective form of discipline
31
Withdrawal of Love
disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child – form of emotional abuse
32
Neglectful or Uninvolved Parenting
parenting style in which parents focus on their own needs rather than those of the child, sometimes because of stress or depression
33
Only Children Facts
**only children are often accused of being spoiled and selfish but those are stereotypes. Only children outperform children with siblings academically. About 18% of families have an only child
34
Playmates and Friends Facts
**at about age 3, preschoolers prefer prosocial behaviors in order to make and be a friend and they dislike antisocial behaviors