Chapter 8 Flashcards
Self-concept
sense of self; mental picture of one’s abilities and traits
Real Self
the self one actually is
Ideal Self
the self one would like to be
**It is hard for preschoolers to distinguish between who they really are and who they want to be
How Does Race Play a Role in Self-concept?
**self-concept is very dependent on socialization, family, racial pride & heritage as to how race influences a child’s self-concept
Describe Cultural Differences in Self-concept
**INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures focus on independence, autonomy, self-reliance and COLLECTIVISTIC cultures focus on humility, relationships, & community
How can a Disability Affect Self-concept?
some disabilities do not have a strong effect on self-concept but some do affect beliefs about physical competence, physical appearance, and social
acceptance
Self-esteem
the judgment a person makes about their self-worth
Describe Developmental Changes in Self-esteem
most children overestimate their abilities
**High self-esteem is predictive of positive outcomes for children!
Social Emotions
emotions involved in the
regulation of social behavior that requires self-awareness and the understanding of others’ viewpoints **At about age 3 a child can experience guilt,
shame, and pride. If you are ashamed of doing something you shouldn’t do, then you might not do it again
Gender Identity
awareness that one is male or female – developed in early childhood
Gender Differences
psychological or behavioral differences between males and females – some differences become more apparent after age 3
Gender Roles
behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex
Gender-typing
socialization process whereby
children learn appropriate gender roles at an early age
Gender Stereotypes
generalizations about male or female role behavior
Gender Constancy
awareness that one will
always be male or female
Gender Stability
awareness that gender does not
change
Gender Consistency
realization that gender remains constant even if outward appearances, like hairstyle or apparel, are altered
Peer Influences
preschoolers prefer same sex playmates and being gender atypical is associated with negative outcomes among peers
Describe Children’s Play
**Children’s play is:
1) Very important to the development of body &
mind!
2) The context in which much of the most
important learning occurs!
3) The driver of the intellect!
4) NECESSARY AND VALUABLE!
Functional Play
play involving repetitive large
muscular movements (rolling a ball)
Constructive Play
play involving use of objects
or materials to make something (building something out of blocks)
Dramatic Play
play involving imaginary people
or situations
Formal Games With Rules
organized games with known procedures and penalties
Gender Segregation
the tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender
Discipline
methods of molding children’s
character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior
External Reinforcments
rewards for behavior
that come from outside the child, such as candy or praise – the hope is that external reinforcements will eventually become internal
Internal Reward
a sense of pleasure or
accomplishment
Corporal Punishment
use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not
injury to correct or control behavior
Inductive Techniques
disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness – this is the most effective type of discipline
Power Assertion
disciplinary strategy designed
to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control – most ineffective form of discipline
Withdrawal of Love
disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child – form of emotional abuse
Neglectful or Uninvolved Parenting
parenting style in which parents focus on their own needs rather than those of the child, sometimes because of stress or depression
Only Children Facts
**only children are often accused of being spoiled and selfish but those are stereotypes. Only children outperform children with siblings academically. About 18% of families have an only child
Playmates and Friends Facts
**at about age 3, preschoolers prefer prosocial behaviors in
order to make and be a friend and they dislike antisocial
behaviors
