Chapter 6 Flashcards
Personality
the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
Psychosocial Development
the intertwining of personality development with social relationships
Emotions
subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes
Self-awareness
realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things *self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, empathy, envy can only come after children have developed self-awareness (fully developed by 3 years)
Empathy
ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what the other person feels
Temperament
characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations
“Easy Children”
children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and readiness to accept new experiences (40% of children)
“Difficult Children”
children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses (10% of children)
“Slow-to-warm-up Children”
children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences (15% of children)
Goodness-of-fit
appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament
Gender-typing
socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles
Basic Sense of Trust vs Mistrust
Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects -resolution of this crisis is hope
Attachment
reciprocal, enduring tie between two people—especially between infant and caregiver—each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
Secure Attachment
pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress (roughly 2/3 of people)
Ambivalent (resistant) Attachment
pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during their absence, and both seeks and resists contact upon their return
Anxious Attachment
pattern in which an infant becomes anxious exhibiting discomfort
Disorganized-disoriented
infants seem confused and afraid – about 10% of low-risk infants but much higher % in high-risk infants
Stranger Anxiety
wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year
Separation Anxiety
distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves
Social Referencing
understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it
Autonomy
self-determination (independence)
Self-concept
sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others (resolution of this crisis is “will”
Socialization
development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society