Chapter 6

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique

Question 2

Psychosocial Development

Answer 2

the intertwining of personality development with social relationships

Question 3

Emotions

Answer 3

subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

Question 4

Self-awareness

Answer 4

realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things *self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, empathy, envy can only come after children have developed self-awareness (fully developed by 3 years)

Question 5

Empathy

Answer 5

ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what the other person feels

Question 6

Temperament

Answer 6

characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations

Question 7

“Easy Children”

Answer 7

children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and readiness to accept new experiences (40% of children)

Question 8

“Difficult Children”

Answer 8

children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses (10% of children)

Question 9

“Slow-to-warm-up Children”

Answer 9

children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences (15% of children)

Question 10

Goodness-of-fit

Answer 10

appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament

Question 11

Gender-typing

Answer 11

socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles

Question 12

Basic Sense of Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 12

Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects -resolution of this crisis is hope

Question 13

Attachment

Answer 13

reciprocal, enduring tie between two people—especially between infant and caregiver—each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

Question 14

Secure Attachment

Answer 14

pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress (roughly 2/3 of people)

Question 15

Ambivalent (resistant) Attachment

Answer 15

pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during their absence, and both seeks and resists contact upon their return

Question 16

Anxious Attachment

Answer 16

pattern in which an infant becomes anxious exhibiting discomfort

Question 17

Disorganized-disoriented

Answer 17

infants seem confused and afraid – about 10% of low-risk infants but much higher % in high-risk infants

Question 18

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 18

wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year

Question 19

Separation Anxiety

Answer 19

distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves

Question 20

Social Referencing

Answer 20

understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it

Question 21

Autonomy

Answer 21

self-determination (independence)

Question 22

Self-concept

Answer 22

sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits

Question 23

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Answer 23

Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others (resolution of this crisis is “will”

Question 24

Socialization

Answer 24

development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society

Question 25

Internalization

Answer 25

during socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own

Question 26

Self-regulation

Answer 26

child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations even when the adult is not there

Question 27

Conscience

Answer 27

internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated

Question 28

Situational Compliance

Answer 28

term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control

Question 29

Committed Compliance

Answer 29

term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses

Question 30

Effects of Maternal Employment

Answer 30

1. Approximately ¾ of mothers with young children work part-time or full-time
2. The more satisfied the mother is with her employment status, the more effective she is as a parent

Question 31

Early Childcare

Answer 31

1. About 61% of children under age 5 have regular child care
2. 43% of those are cared for by relatives
3. Critical factor is quality of care – staff, ratio, QUALITY of the care is essential

Question 32

Maltreatment

Answer 32

deliberate or avoidable endangerment of a child (4.4 million referrals)

Question 33

Physical Abuse

Answer 33

action taken to deliberately endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury (17.5 % are physical abuse)

Question 34

Neglect

Answer 34

failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs (most common and hardest to prove, 75% of cases)

Question 35

Sexual Abuse

Answer 35

physical or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person (9.3 % sexually abused)

Question 36

Emotional Maltreatment

Answer 36

rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders

Question 37

Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Answer 37

Highest rate of victims of death from maltreatment are age 3 and under

Question 38

Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

Answer 38

slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning

Question 39

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Answer 39

form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death – mainly in children 2 and under, can cause severe brain damage/death

Question 40

Head Trauma

Answer 40

leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the U.S.

Question 41

Characteristics of Abusive and Neglectful Parents and Families

Answer 41

1. 80% of perpetrators are the PARENTS of the child!!
2. Slightly more than ½ are the MOTHER
3. When poverty rises, so does child maltreatment
4. The belief that corporal punishment is necessary and normal increases the likelihood of its used and a greater risk of abuse and neglect
5. Almost half of parents spank their children with spanking escalating around 2 years of age and peaking at about 3-4 years old

Question 42

Long-term Effects of Maltreatment

Answer 42

1. Usually generational
2. As adults, more likely to be involved in risky behaviors of a criminal nature and at a higher risk of abusing their own children (cycle of abuse)