Chapter 6 Flashcards
Personality
the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
Psychosocial Development
the intertwining of personality development with social relationships
Emotions
subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes
Self-awareness
realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things *self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, empathy, envy can only come after children have developed self-awareness (fully developed by 3 years)
Empathy
ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what the other person feels
Temperament
characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations
“Easy Children”
children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and readiness to accept new experiences (40% of children)
“Difficult Children”
children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses (10% of children)
“Slow-to-warm-up Children”
children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences (15% of children)
Goodness-of-fit
appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament
Gender-typing
socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles
Basic Sense of Trust vs Mistrust
Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects -resolution of this crisis is hope
Attachment
reciprocal, enduring tie between two people—especially between infant and caregiver—each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
Secure Attachment
pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress (roughly 2/3 of people)
Ambivalent (resistant) Attachment
pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during their absence, and both seeks and resists contact upon their return
Anxious Attachment
pattern in which an infant becomes anxious exhibiting discomfort
Disorganized-disoriented
infants seem confused and afraid – about 10% of low-risk infants but much higher % in high-risk infants
Stranger Anxiety
wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year
Separation Anxiety
distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves
Social Referencing
understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it
Autonomy
self-determination (independence)
Self-concept
sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others (resolution of this crisis is “will”
Socialization
development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society
Internalization
during socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own
Self-regulation
child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations even when the adult is not there
Conscience
internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated
Situational Compliance
term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control
Committed Compliance
term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses
Effects of Maternal Employment
- Approximately ¾ of mothers with young children work part-time or full-time
- The more satisfied the mother is with her employment status, the more effective she is as a parent
Early Childcare
- About 61% of children under age 5 have regular child care
- 43% of those are cared for by relatives
- Critical factor is quality of care – staff, ratio, QUALITY of the care is essential
Maltreatment
deliberate or avoidable endangerment of a child (4.4 million referrals)
Physical Abuse
action taken to deliberately endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury (17.5 % are physical abuse)
Neglect
failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs (most common and hardest to prove, 75% of cases)
Sexual Abuse
physical or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person (9.3 % sexually abused)
Emotional Maltreatment
rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders
Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Highest rate of victims of death from maltreatment are age 3 and under
Nonorganic Failure to Thrive
slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning
Shaken Baby Syndrome
form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death – mainly in children 2 and under, can cause severe brain damage/death
Head Trauma
leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the U.S.
Characteristics of Abusive and Neglectful Parents and Families
- 80% of perpetrators are the PARENTS of the child!!
- Slightly more than ½ are the MOTHER
- When poverty rises, so does child maltreatment
- The belief that corporal punishment is necessary and normal increases the likelihood of its used and a greater risk of abuse and neglect
- Almost half of parents spank their children with spanking escalating around 2 years of age and peaking at about 3-4 years old
Long-term Effects of Maltreatment
- Usually generational
- As adults, more likely to be involved in risky behaviors of a criminal nature and at a higher risk of abusing their own children (cycle of abuse)
