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Life Span Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data

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2
Q

Hypotheses

A

possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research

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3
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

literally, a “blank slate”; philosopher John Locke’s view that society influences the
development of the child – this is a reactive view as children react to the environment

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4
Q

Mechanistic Model (Reactive)

A

views development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli – people are life machines that react to environmental input

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5
Q

Organismic Model (Active)

A

views development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages

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6
Q

Continuous Development

A

development is gradual and incremental

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7
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

development is abrupt or uneven

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8
Q

Quantitative Change

A

changes in number or amount,
such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication

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9
Q

Qualitative Change

A

discontinuous changes in kind,
structure, or organization

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10
Q

Stage Theories

A

view that development occurs in a series of distinct stages, like stairsteps

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11
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

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12
Q

What is Sigmund Freud known for?

A

Psychosexual Development

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13
Q

Id

A

part of the personality that governs newborns, operating on the pleasure principle which is the drive to see immediate satisfaction of needs and desires

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14
Q

Ego

A

part of the personality that represents reason, operating on the reality principle which is finding realistic ways to gratify the id

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15
Q

Superego

A

part of the personality containing the conscience, incorporating socially approved behavior into the child’s own value system

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16
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

in Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals

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17
Q

Fixation

A

in psychoanalysis, an arrest in development that can show up in adult personality

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18
Q

Oral Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in which feeding is the main source of sensual pleasure

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19
Q

Anal Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in which the chief source of pleasure is moving the bowels

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20
Q

Phallic Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in which boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers and girls to their fathers, with aggressive urges toward the same-sex parent, whom they regard as a rival

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21
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

boy’s sexual
attachment to their mother

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22
Q

Electra Complex

A

girl’s sexual attachment to their fathers

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23
Q

Latency Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development in middle childhood; a period of relative emotional calm and intellectual social exploration

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24
Q

Genital Stage

A

stage in psychosexual development that lasts throughout adulthood, in which repressed sexual urges resurface to flow in socially approved channels

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25
What is Erik Erikson known for?
Psychosocial Development
26
Psychosocial Development
in Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self
27
Crisis
a major psychosocial challenge that is particularly important during each stage and will remain an issue to some degree throughout the rest of life
28
Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust
critical theme of infancy in which the virtue of hope is developed
29
Learning Perspective
view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment
30
Learning
a long-lasting change based on experience or adaptation to the environment
31
Behaviorism
learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior
32
Associative Learning
the formation of a mental link between two events
33
Classical Conditioning
learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response
34
Operant Conditioning
learning based on association of behavior with its consequences
35
Reinforcement
in operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
36
Punishment
in operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition
37
Extinguished
term referring to the return of a behavior to its original, or baseline, level after removal of reinforcement
38
Social Learning Theory
theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models; also called social cognitive theory
39
Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that affect development
40
Observational Learning (Modeling)
learning through watching the behavior of others
41
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura’s updated version of social learning theory, which puts a greater emphasis on cognitive processes as central to development
42
Self-efficacy
sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals – feedback=confidence
43
Cognitive Perspective
view that thought processes are central to development
44
Cognitive-stage Theory
Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations
45
Organization
Piaget’s term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge
46
Schemes
Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations
47
Adaptation
Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation
48
Assimilation
Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure
49
Accomodation
Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information
50
Equilibration
Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation
51
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development
52
Collaborative
Vygotsky’s view that children learn through social interaction
53
Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)
Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with help
54
Scaffolding
temporary support to help a child master a task
55
Information-processing Approach
approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information
56
Computational Models
flowcharts that analyze the specific steps people go through in gathering, storing, retrieving, and using information
57
Contextual Perspective
view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context
58
Bioecological Theory
Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence
59
Microsystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for a setting in which a child interacts with others on an everyday, face-to-face basis
60
Exosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for linkages between two or more settings, one of which does not contain the child
61
Mesosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for linkages between two or more microsystems
62
Macrosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for a society’s overall cultural patterns
63
Chronosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s term for effects of time on other developmental systems
64
Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perespective
view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior
65
Ethology
study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species
66
Evolutionary Psychology
application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior
67
Quantitative Research
research that deals with objectively measurable data
68
Scientific Method
system of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry
69
Qualitative Research
research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs
70
Population
a group to whom the findings in research may apply
71
Sample
group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study
72
Generalized Sampling
application of results from a sample study to the population as a whole
73
Random Selection
selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen
74
Random Sample
the result of random selection
75
Self-reports
Diaries, Visual Techniques, Interviews, Questionnaires
76
Diary
a log or record of activities
77
Parental Self-reports
diaries, journals, interviews, or questionnaires of children’s activities, kept by the parents of young children
78
Interview
method in which researchers ask questions about attitudes, opinions, or behavior
79
Structured Interview
an interview in which each participant is asked the same set of questions
80
Open-ended Interview
a flexible interview method in which the interviewer can vary the topics and order of questions and can ask follow-up questions based on the responses
81
Questionnaire
printed questions that participants fill out and return
82
Naturalistic Observation
research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation
83
Laboratory Observation
research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions
84
Observer Bias
the researcher’s tendency to interpret data to fit expectations or to emphasize some aspects and minimize others
85
Valid Test
a test that measures the abilities it claims to measure is said to be valid
86
Reliable Test
a test that provides consistent results from one testing to another is reliable
87
Standardized Test
a test that is given and scored by the same methods and criteria for all test-takers is said to be standardized
88
Cognitive Neuroscience
study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities
89
Case Study
study of a single subject, such as an individual or family
90
Ethnographic Study
in-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation
91
Participant Observation
research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed
92
Correlational Study
research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists
93
Correlation
a statistical relationship between two or more variables
94
Variables
phenomena that change or vary among people or that can be varied for purposes of research
95
Positive Correlation
variables that are related, increase or decrease together
96
Negative Correlation
variables have an inverse relationship; as one increases, the other decreases
97
Experiment
rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other
98
Replicate
repeating an experiment in exactly the same way with different participants to verify the results and conclusions
99
Experimental Group
in an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study
100
Treatment
the phenomenon the researcher wants to study
101
Control Group
in an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study
102
Treatment Groups
in an experiment, groups that each receive one of the treatments under study
103
Double-blind Procedure
an experiment in which neither the participants nor experimenters know who is receiving the treatment
104
Placebo
in inert treatment
105
Independent Variable
in an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control
106
Dependant Variable
in an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable
107
Operational Definition
a definition stated solely in terms of the operations used to measure a phenomenon
108
Random Assignment
assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group
109
Confound
contamination of an experiment by unintended differences between the groups
110
Laboratory Experiment
experiment in which the participants are brought to a special place where they experience conditions manipulated by the experimenter
111
Field Experiment
a controlled study conducted in an everyday setting, such as home or school
112
Natural Experiment
study comparing people who have been accidentally “assigned” to separate groups by circumstances of life (a correlational study)
113
Cross-sectional Study
study designed to assess age- related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion
114
Longitudinal Study
study designed to assess changes in a sample over time
115
Sequential Study
study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques

Life Span Development (18 decks)

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