Chapter 7

Question 1

When is a Child’s Growth most Rapid?

Answer 1

growth is more rapid from birth to age 3

Question 2

Describe a Child’s Sleep Pattern

Answer 2

**most children sleep 11 hours a night by age 5

Question 3

Enuresis

Answer 3

repeated urination in clothing or in bed – most children stay dry at night by 3-5 years old (this is hereditary and should NOT be punished)

Question 4

Night Terrors

Answer 4

child awakes abruptly screaming and thrashing but is not awake (this may be related to anxiety, there are genetic influences)

Question 5

Nightmares

Answer 5

Common, peak ages are 6-10 (may be related to stress or anxiety)

Question 6

Gross Motor Skills

Answer 6

physical skills that involve the large muscles (running, jumping)

Question 7

Fine Motor Skills

Answer 7

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye–hand coordination (drawing, cutting with scissors)

Question 8

Handedness

Answer 8

preference for using a particular hand – 90% of children are right handed

Question 9

Describe Obesity for Preschoolers

Answer 9

1) Serious problem for preschoolers
2) It is hereditary but the main factor is environmental (calories eaten, lack of physical activity, too much TV. Preschoolers should get no more than 2 hours of TV a day!
3) **Overweight children tend to become overweight adults!

Question 10

Describe a Child’s Physical Brain Development

Answer 10

by age 6, the brain has attained 90% of its peak volume

Question 11

Describe Undernutrition for Children

Answer 11

1) Children who are malnourished can be stunted (small) or wasted (thin)
2) May be due to food insecurity or low-quality diets

Question 12

Describe Food Allergies for Children

Answer 12

affects 8% of U.S. children

Question 13

Describe Oral Health for Children

Answer 13

1) By age 3 all baby teeth are in – permanent teeth start appearing at about age 6
2) Tooth decay – due to juices, sweetened milk

Question 14

Describe Deaths and Accidental Injuries for Children

Answer 14

1) Home injuries are common
2) Bicycle helmets, care seats/booster seats, and child proof medicine bottles have all helped

Question 15

Describe Environmental Influences on Children

Answer 15

1) **The lower the Socioeconomic Status (SEC), the higher the risk of illness, injury, and death
2) 15.5% of children under the age 6 years old in U.S. live in poverty
3) **Having and using health insurance is a big predictor of a child’s health

Question 16

Describe Homelessness for Children

Answer 16

**families with children are the fastest growing population of the homeless (high housing costs!)

Question 17

Describe Environmental Pollutants for Children

Answer 17

1) Second hand smoke, air pollution, chronic pesticide damage, lead poisoning from food, water, paint, or soil
2) **Lead paint ingested causes irreversible brain damage!
3) **Children most at risk are children living in poverty!

Question 18

Preoperational Stage

Answer 18

in Piaget’s theory, this is the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic effectively which means they can not recall something from memory like an adult can do

Question 19

Animism

Answer 19

tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive (such as a stuffed animal or a doll)

Question 20

Centration

Answer 20

preschoolers have a tendency of to focus on one aspect of a situation and ignore others & this leads to illogical conclusions

Question 21

Decenter

Answer 21

preschoolers cannot think about several aspects of a situation at one time

Question 22

Egocentrism

Answer 22

the inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought

Question 23

Irreversibility

Answer 23

a child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions

Question 24

Theory of Mind

Answer 24

awareness and understanding of mental processes, this means preschoolers may not know that others people have their own thoughts & beliefs – this ability grows rapidly in preschoolers

Question 25

Describe a Child Distinguishing Between Appearance and Reality

Answer 25

1) The ability to do this emerges at ages 4-6, when they can fully know “what seems to be” from “what is real”
2) They can pretend and can tell when someone is pretending
3) **Distinguishing between Fantasy and Reality

Question 26

Describe Magical Thinking for Children

Answer 26

1) A child’s thinking that is sometimes used to explain events that do not seem to have obvious realistic explanations or for simply indulging in the pleasures of pretending
2) **Imaginative activities offer many developmental benefits (Imaginary friends)

Question 27

Describe Individual Differences in Theory of Mind Development for Children

Answer 27

**social competence, brain development, language ability, parent’s interaction with the child, exposure to preschool education - all matters!

Question 28

Encoding

Answer 28

process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval – how you put information into your memory matters!

Question 29

Storage

Answer 29

retention of information in memory for future use

Question 30

Retrieval

Answer 30

process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage

Question 31

Working Memory

Answer 31

short-term storage of information being actively processed – **after about 30 seconds your brain decides what to do with the information!

Question 32

Long-term Memory

Answer 32

storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods

Question 33

Recall

Answer 33

ability to reproduce material from memory

Question 34

Executive Function

Answer 34

conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals and solve problems

Question 35

Generic Memory

Answer 35

memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior – begins at about age 2 and is encouraged with familiar and repeated events (**repetition is key!!!)

Question 36

Script

Answer 36

general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior

Question 37

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 37

memory of specific events in one’s own life – these are distinctive memories that make up your life!

Question 38

Episodic Memory

Answer 38

long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to a specific time and place

Question 39

Social Interaction Model

Answer 39

model, based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, that proposes children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events

Question 40

Name Two Psychometric Measures of Intelligence for Preschoolers

Answer 40

1) Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales: individual intelligence tests for ages 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory
2) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (W P P S I-IV): individual intelligence test for children aged 2½ to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score

Question 41

Name Some Influences On Measured Intelligence

Answer 41

1) *IQ is a measure of how well a child can do on a task at a certain time in comparison to how well other children of the same age do on that task
2) *Family life is THE strongest influence in early childhood
3) *SES matters! Children of middle-higher SES are read to more, talked to more, and interacted with more!
4) *Intelligence is negatively associated with too much
exposure to TV * it is the most negative influence on
cognitive development on children 3 years and under!

Question 42

Zone Of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 42

Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a
child can do alone and what the child can do with help

Question 43

Scaffolding

Answer 43

temporary support to help a child master a task

Question 44

Fast Mapping

Answer 44

process by which a child absorbs
the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation

Question 45

Child Grammar and Syntax

Answer 45

By age 5 speech becomes more adultlike

Question 46

Pragmatics

Answer 46

the practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes

Question 47

Social Speech

Answer 47

speech intended to be understood by a listener

Question 48

Emergent Literacy

Answer 48

preschoolers’ development of
skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing – **Reading to young children is the most important path to literacy!

Question 49

Describe High Quality Preschool Programs

Answer 49

Preschool programs that are high quality produce social & academic gains and the benefits far outweigh the costs!

Question 50

Kindergarten

Answer 50

**Kindergarten is very positively associated with positive
academic and social outcomes!