Chapter 8

Question 1

True or False, According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault, it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True or False In hegemony, there is a social order in which subordinates accept hierarchy as “unnatural.”

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which term refers to a food-producing society with a rudimentary political structure?

Answer 3

Tribe

Question 4

A ________ is a form of sociopolitical organization based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification.

Answer 4

State

Question 5

Identify the term that refers to a form of sociopolitical organization that is intermediate between the tribe and the state.

Answer 5

chiefdom

Question 6

Foraging economies are usually associated with which type of sociopolitical organization?

Answer 6

Band

Question 7

Which of the following was NOT used by traditional Inuit to handle disputes?

Answer 7

courts of law

Question 8

Which of the following statements about political leaders in foraging bands is true?

Answer 8

They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.

Question 9

Kottak prefers the term socio-political organization to Morton Fried’s term political organization in discussing the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives. This is because

Answer 9

Fried’s definition is much less applicable to nonstates, in which it is often difficult to detect any public policy.

Question 10

In the context of tribal societies, what is a “big man”?

Answer 10

a person who creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others

Question 11

What is an age set?

Answer 11

a group uniting men born during a certain span of time in some pastoral African societies

Question 12

Which of the following is the most accurate view of contemporary foragers?

Answer 12

groups that participate in the modern world system

Question 13

What is one difference in how anthropologists have traditionally differed from political scientists in their approach to “the political”?

Answer 13

Anthropologists have focused on nonstates, in a global and comparative sense.

Question 14

Which term is defined as a generous tribal entrepreneur with multivillage support?

Answer 14

big man

Question 15

The case of the Kapauku focused on the role of the

Answer 15

big man.

Question 16

Which term is defined as non–kin-based groups with regional political significance?

Answer 16

pantribal sodalities

Question 17

In the context of the megalithic cultures of Europe created by chiefdoms, including the one that built Stonehenge, Kottak reminds us that

Answer 17

chiefdoms and states can fall as well as rise.

Question 17

The best examples of non–kin-based groups with regional political significance come from

Answer 17

the Central Plains of North America and from tropical Africa.

Question 18

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual’s power and prestige in a state?

Answer 18

ancestry

Question 19

A permanent political position is known as a(n)

Answer 19

Office

Question 20

In chiefdoms, social status was based on

Answer 20

seniority of descent.

Question 21

Which term refers to the upper, privileged group in a stratified society?

Answer 21

superordinate

Question 22

Taxation or other financial support for government apparatus and agents defines the term

Answer 22

fiscal support

Question 23

In the anthropological study of political systems, social control maintains social norms (cultural standards) and regulates conflict. Which of the following is NOT a form of social control?

Answer 23

exogamy

Question 24

Maintaining social norms and regulating conflict defines the term

Answer 24

social control.

Question 25

In an ethnographic field study of political systems in northern Mozambique, Nicholas Kottak found that avoiding shame can be an effective control against breaking social norms. This example of how shame can be a powerful social sanction

Answer 25

joins the work of many other anthropologists that cite the importance of informal processes of social control, including gossip and stigma.

Question 26

True or False Favored access to resources by superordinates over subordinates is called differential access.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or False Since bands lack formalized law, they have no way of settling disputes.

Answer 27

False