Chapter 8 Flashcards
emotion
A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
James-Lange theory of emotion
a theory which asserts that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
A theory whcih asserts that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain
two-factor theory of emotion
a theory which asserts that emotions are inferences about the causes of phsiological arousal
-ex: see a bear, heart pounds, brain realizes there is a bear - must mean fear
appraisal
an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
emotion regulation
the use of cognative and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience
reappraisal
changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
emotional expression
any observable sign of emotional state
universailty hypothesis
the hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
- facial exopressions are signs
- languages are symbols
facial feedback hypothesis
the hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
display rules
norms for the control of emotional expression
ex: japan vs. US
techniques:
- intensification = exagerrating expression of emotion
- deintensification = muting your emotion
- masking = expressing one emotion while feeling another
- neutralizing = feeling an emotion but displaying no expression
other features to distinguish between real and fake expressions
- morphology = eye crinkles in real smile but not fake smile
- symmetry = sincere expressions are symmetrical
- duration = sincere expressions are .5-5 seconds
- temporal patterning = sinceres appear and disappear smoothly
motivation
the purpose for or psychological cause of an action
hedonic principle
the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
-motivated through instincts and drives
homeostasis
the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
drive
an internal state generated by departures from phsiological optimality
motivation for food
- if your body needs energy it sends an orexigenic signal to tell your brain to switch hunger on
- if has enough energy, it sends an anorexigenic signal to tell brain to switch hunger off
- lateral hypothalamus recieves hunger signal = hunger center
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake
metabolism
the rate at which energy is used by the body
why do we overeat
- can result from biomedical abnormalities
- we often eat when we arent really hungry
- nature designed us to overeat
human sexual response cycle
the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
- excitement phase
- plateau phase
- orgasm
- resolution- muscles relax –> often a refreactory period where further stimulation doesnt produce excitement
mortality-salience hypothesis
the prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews
intrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward
ex: money (reward)
conscious motivation
a motivation of which one is aware
unconscious motivation
a motivation of which one is not aware
need for achievement
a motivation to solve worthwhile problems
approach motivation
a motivation to experience positive outcomes
avoidance motivation
a motivation not to experience negative outcomes
promotion focus
people who tend to think in terms of achieving gains
prevention focus
people tend to think in terms of avoiding losses
