Chapter 8

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

Question 2

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 2

a theory which asserts that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

Question 3

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 3

A theory whcih asserts that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain

Question 4

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 4

a theory which asserts that emotions are inferences about the causes of phsiological arousal

-ex: see a bear, heart pounds, brain realizes there is a bear - must mean fear

Question 5

appraisal

Answer 5

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

Question 6

emotion regulation

Answer 6

the use of cognative and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience

Question 7

reappraisal

Answer 7

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus

Question 8

emotional expression

Answer 8

any observable sign of emotional state

Question 9

universailty hypothesis

Answer 9

the hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

• facial exopressions are signs
• languages are symbols

Question 10

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 10

the hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Question 11

display rules

Answer 11

norms for the control of emotional expression

ex: japan vs. US

techniques:

1. intensification = exagerrating expression of emotion
2. deintensification = muting your emotion
3. masking = expressing one emotion while feeling another
4. neutralizing = feeling an emotion but displaying no expression

Question 12

other features to distinguish between real and fake expressions

Answer 12

1. morphology = eye crinkles in real smile but not fake smile
2. symmetry = sincere expressions are symmetrical
3. duration = sincere expressions are .5-5 seconds
4. temporal patterning = sinceres appear and disappear smoothly

Question 13

motivation

Answer 13

the purpose for or psychological cause of an action

Question 14

hedonic principle

Answer 14

the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

-motivated through instincts and drives

Question 15

homeostasis

Answer 15

the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

Question 16

drive

Answer 16

an internal state generated by departures from phsiological optimality

Question 17

motivation for food

Answer 17

• if your body needs energy it sends an orexigenic signal to tell your brain to switch hunger on
• if has enough energy, it sends an anorexigenic signal to tell brain to switch hunger off
• lateral hypothalamus recieves hunger signal = hunger center

Question 18

bulimia nervosa

Answer 18

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

Question 19

anorexia nervosa

Answer 19

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake

Question 20

metabolism

Answer 20

the rate at which energy is used by the body

Question 21

why do we overeat

Answer 21

1. can result from biomedical abnormalities
2. we often eat when we arent really hungry
3. nature designed us to overeat

Question 22

human sexual response cycle

Answer 22

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

1. excitement phase
2. plateau phase
3. orgasm
4. resolution- muscles relax –> often a refreactory period where further stimulation doesnt produce excitement

Question 23

mortality-salience hypothesis

Answer 23

the prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

Question 24

intrinsic motivation

Answer 24

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Question 25

extrinsic motivation

Answer 25

a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward

ex: money (reward)

Question 26

conscious motivation

Answer 26

a motivation of which one is aware

Question 27

unconscious motivation

Answer 27

a motivation of which one is not aware

Question 28

need for achievement

Answer 28

a motivation to solve worthwhile problems

Question 29

approach motivation

Answer 29

a motivation to experience positive outcomes

Question 30

avoidance motivation

Answer 30

a motivation not to experience negative outcomes

Question 31

promotion focus

Answer 31

people who tend to think in terms of achieving gains

Question 32

prevention focus

Answer 32

people tend to think in terms of avoiding losses