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Psych 202 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

encoding

A

the process by which we transform what we percieve, think or feel into and enduring memory

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3
Q

storage

A

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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4
Q

retrieval

A

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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5
Q

memories are:

A

constructed not recorded

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6
Q

elabroative encoding

A

the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

-enhances long-term retention

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7
Q

semantic judgments

A

require people to think about the meaning of (words) to remember them

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8
Q

rhyme judgements

A

required people to think about the sound (of words) to remember them

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9
Q

visual judgements

A

require people to think about the appearance (of words) to remember them

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10
Q

visual imagery encoding

A

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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11
Q

organizational encoding

A

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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12
Q

other types of encoding used in tests:

A

survival encoding - rate and remember words based on how useful they were in survival

moving encoding - rate/remember words based on how useful they are for setting up a new home

pelasantness encoding - rate/remember words based on how pleasant they are to you

*survival encoding = most memory retention

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13
Q

sensory memory

A

a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

*use iconic memory test to test this

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

a fast-decaying store of visual information

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

a fast-decaying store of auditory information

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16
Q

short-term memory

A

a type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

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17
Q

rehearsal

A

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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18
Q

how many meaningful tiems can short-term memory hold at once?

A

7

*numbers, letters, words, etc

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19
Q

chunking

A

combinging small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily help in short-term memory

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20
Q

working memory

A

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

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21
Q

long-term memory

A

a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks or years

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22
Q

hippocampus

A

region of the brain that is critical for putting new information into the long-term store

  • if hippocampus is destroyed, these people cannot make new memories but they can remember old ones
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23
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store

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24
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to retrieve information that was aquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

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25
Q

consolidation

A

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

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26
Q

reconsolidation

A

memories can be vulnerbale to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be consolidated again.

  • even seemingly consolidated memories can again become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again
27
Q

synapse

A

researchers suggest that this is where memories are

28
Q

Aplysia

A

the sea slug that has a very simple nervous system, so scientists study memory using the slug

29
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

30
Q

NMDA receptor

A

a receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controling the initiation of long-term potentiation.

31
Q

retrieval cue

A

external information that helps bring stored information to mind

32
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

  • ex: if you take a test in the same room where you learned the information, you’ll do better
33
Q

state-dependent retrieval

A

the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

-ex: if you’re happy you will most likely remember happy memories/episodes

34
Q

transfer-appropriate processing

A

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

35
Q

retrieval can imprive subsequent memory

A

ex: if you quiz yourself on stuff you jsut studied rather than re-study it, you’ll remember it more in the long run

36
Q

retrieval-induced forgetting

A

a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

37
Q

separtate components of retrieval in the brain:

A
  • trying to recall an episode and actually, successfully recalling it happen in 2 different parts of the brain
  • trying = left frontal lobe
  • successfully recalling = hippocampus
38
Q

explicit memory

A

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

“I remember when…”

39
Q

implicit memory

A

the influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

-

40
Q

procedural memory

A

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things

  • translated into actions
  • and can be things you can explain or things you can’t - ex: riding a bike
41
Q

priming

A

an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

42
Q

two types of priming:

A
  1. perceptual priming = reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of a word (like visual features) – visual cortex
  2. conceptual priming = reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object –frontal lobes
43
Q

semantic memory

A

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowlegde of the world

44
Q

episodic memory

A

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

-we rely on this heavily to envision our future

45
Q

Seven “sins” of memory (cause memory errors)

A
  1. Transience
  2. Absentmindedness
  3. Blocking
  4. Memory Misattribution
  5. Suggestibility
  6. Bias
  7. Persistance
46
Q

transience

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

47
Q

retroactive interference

A

situations in which information learned later impars memory for information aquired earlier

48
Q

proactive interference

A

situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information aquired later

49
Q

absentmindedness

A

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

50
Q

lower left frontal region of the brain

A

greater activity in this area during encoding results in better memory

51
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

52
Q

blocking

A

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

-“tip of your tongue” experience

53
Q

memory misattribution

A

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

54
Q

source memory

A

recall of when, where, and how information was aquired

55
Q

false recognition

A

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

56
Q

destination memory

A

trouble in remembering to whom we have told something before

57
Q

hippocampal activity

A

is the same during true and false recognition

58
Q

suggestibility

A

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

ex: psychotherapists may make you rouse up memories of abuse that didn’t actually happen

59
Q

Bias

A

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

60
Q

consistency bias

A

the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present

61
Q

change bias

A

the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past.

ex; egocentric bias = the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

62
Q

persistence

A

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

63
Q

flashbulb memories

A

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

ex: september 11th

64
Q

amygdala

A
  • the brain remembers more emotional/shocking events better
  • amygdala is activated and releases hormones during these events

Psych 202 (13 decks)

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