Chapter 14 Flashcards
medical model
the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostics and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders [Fourth Edition, Text Revision])
a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.
DSM-IV-TR qualifications for a disorder
- symptoms that invlve disturbances of behavior, thoughts, or emotions
- symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or impairment
- the symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)
comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
diathesis-stress model
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disroder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
anxiety disorder
the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
(includes generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorders, panic, and obsessive compulsive disorder)
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
a disorder characteriszed by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
phobic disorders
disorders characterized by marked, persistant, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations
specific phobia
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
- five categories:
1. animals
2. natural environments (heights, darkness, etc)
3. situations (bridges)
4. blood, injections or injury
5. ohter phobias (illness, death, etc)
social phobia
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarassed
preparedness theory
the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
panic disorder
a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrance of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
agoraphobia
an extreme fear of venturing in public places
-many just have a fear of having a panic attack in public places
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive, thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning
mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
major depressive disorder
a disorder characteriszed by severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
dysthymia
a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
double depression
a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
right dorsolateral cortex
increased activation linked to depression
(decreased activation in left also linked to depressions)
helplessness theory
the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (ex: their own fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread)
bipolar disorder
an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistant high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
dissociative disorder
a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behavior
dissociative amnesia
the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
dissociative fugue
the sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity
schizphrenia
a disorder charcterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
symptoms:
- delusion
- hallucination
- disorganized speech
- grossly disorganized behavior
- catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
delusion
a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of irrationality
ex: he thinks he’s Jesus
hallucination
a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
-hearing, seeing, smelling
disorganized speech
a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
grossly disorganized behavior
behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
- ex: childlike silliness, innapropriate sexual behavior (like masturbating in public), etc
catatonic behavior
a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
- catatonic stupor = unaware of their surroundings
negative symptoms
emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; povery of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion
5 types of schizophrenia
- paranoid type
- catatonic type
- disorganized type
- undifferentiated type
- residual type
dopamine hypothesis
the idea that schizphrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
personality disorder
disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
three clusters of personality disorders
- odd/ eccentric
- dramatic/ erratic
- axious / inhibited
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescense and continues into adulthood
