Chapter 5 (pg. 190-214) Flashcards
altered state of conscienceness
forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and mind.
= dreaming
hypnagogic state
presleep conscienceness
hypnic jerk
a sudden quiver or sensation of dropping, as thouhg missing a step on the stairs
hypnopompic state
groggy, foggy postsleep consciousness
circadian rhythm
a naturally occuring 24-hour cycle
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
electrooculograph (EOG)
an instrument that measures eye movements
insomnia
difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
sleep apnea
a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
somnambulism (sleepwalking)
occurrs when the person arises and walks around while sleeping
narcolepsy
a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities
sleep paralysis
the experience of waking up unable to move
night terrors (sleep terrors)
abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
Five major characteristics of of dream consciousness:
- we intensely feel emotion
- dream thought it illogical
- sensation is fully formed and meaningful (sound, touch, visual)
- uncitical acceptance of dreams (even though its bizzare)
- we have difficulty remembering a dream after its over
manifest content
a dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning
latent content
a dream’s true underlying meaning
Freud’s dream theory
dreams represent wishes and some of these wishes are unnacceptable so the mind expresses them in a disguised form
-many interpretations to dreams
activation-synthesis model
the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep
- when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity = dreams
our brain during dreams
- brain areas for fear and emotion are very active
- ex: the amygdala is very active
- our visual perception centers are not active
psychoactive drug
a chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system
most common neurotransmitters:
serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine (ach)
drug tolerance
the tendency for alrger doses of a drug to be required over time to acheive the same effect
Types of psychoactive drugs:
- depressants
- stimulants
- narcotics
- hallucinogens
- marijuana
depressants
substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system
- tend to have a sedative/calming effect
- ex: alcohol
theories about why people react differently to alcohol (cry vs. be loud for example)
- expectancy theory
- alcohol myopia
expectancy theory
- the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
- tested in studies using balanced placebo design
balanced placebo design
a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absense of placebo stimulus
alcohol myopia theory
a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond to simple ways in complex situations
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and toxic inhalents
- other depressants
- sleep aids = barbiturates
- xanax (antianxiety) = benzodiazepine
- sniffing, huffing
Stimulants
substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels
-include: caffieine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, modafinil, and ecstasy
narcotics or opiates
highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
-Ex: heroin, morphine, methadone, and codine (and drugs like demerol and oxycontin)
hallucinogens
drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations
-LSD, acid, mesacline, PCP, and ketamine
marijunana
the leaves and buds of the hemp plant
- contain THC, the active ingrediant in marijuana
harm reduction approach
a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people’s lives
hypnosis
an altered state of consiousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one’s actions are occurring involuntarily
posyhypnotic amnesia
the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
-you can lose memories in hyposis and them remember them but you cant retrieve memories you lost before hypnosis
hypnotic analgesia
the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis
brain activity during hypnosis
- right anterior cingulate cortex is activated
meditation
the practice of intentional contemplation
