Chapter 5 (pg. 190-214)

Question 1

altered state of conscienceness

Answer 1

forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and mind.

= dreaming

Question 2

hypnagogic state

Answer 2

presleep conscienceness

Question 3

hypnic jerk

Answer 3

a sudden quiver or sensation of dropping, as thouhg missing a step on the stairs

Question 4

hypnopompic state

Answer 4

groggy, foggy postsleep consciousness

Question 5

circadian rhythm

Answer 5

a naturally occuring 24-hour cycle

Question 6

REM sleep

Answer 6

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity

Question 7

electrooculograph (EOG)

Answer 7

an instrument that measures eye movements

Question 8

insomnia

Answer 8

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Question 9

sleep apnea

Answer 9

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

Question 10

somnambulism (sleepwalking)

Answer 10

occurrs when the person arises and walks around while sleeping

Question 11

narcolepsy

Answer 11

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

Question 12

sleep paralysis

Answer 12

the experience of waking up unable to move

Question 13

night terrors (sleep terrors)

Answer 13

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

Question 14

Five major characteristics of of dream consciousness:

Answer 14

1. we intensely feel emotion
2. dream thought it illogical
3. sensation is fully formed and meaningful (sound, touch, visual)
4. uncitical acceptance of dreams (even though its bizzare)
5. we have difficulty remembering a dream after its over

Question 15

manifest content

Answer 15

a dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

Question 16

latent content

Answer 16

a dream’s true underlying meaning

Question 17

Freud’s dream theory

Answer 17

dreams represent wishes and some of these wishes are unnacceptable so the mind expresses them in a disguised form

-many interpretations to dreams

Question 18

activation-synthesis model

Answer 18

the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep

• when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity = dreams

Question 19

our brain during dreams

Answer 19

• brain areas for fear and emotion are very active
• ex: the amygdala is very active
• our visual perception centers are not active

Question 20

psychoactive drug

Answer 20

a chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system

Question 21

most common neurotransmitters:

Answer 21

serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine (ach)

Question 22

drug tolerance

Answer 22

the tendency for alrger doses of a drug to be required over time to acheive the same effect

Question 23

Types of psychoactive drugs:

Answer 23

• depressants
• stimulants
• narcotics
• hallucinogens
• marijuana

Question 24

depressants

Answer 24

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system

• tend to have a sedative/calming effect
• ex: alcohol

Question 25

theories about why people react differently to alcohol (cry vs. be loud for example)

Answer 25

1. expectancy theory
2. alcohol myopia

Question 26

expectancy theory

Answer 26

• the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
• tested in studies using balanced placebo design

Question 27

balanced placebo design

Answer 27

a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absense of placebo stimulus

Question 28

alcohol myopia theory

Answer 28

a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond to simple ways in complex situations

Question 29

barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and toxic inhalents

Answer 29

• other depressants
• sleep aids = barbiturates
• xanax (antianxiety) = benzodiazepine
• sniffing, huffing

Question 30

Stimulants

Answer 30

substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels

-include: caffieine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, modafinil, and ecstasy

Question 31

narcotics or opiates

Answer 31

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

-Ex: heroin, morphine, methadone, and codine (and drugs like demerol and oxycontin)

Question 32

hallucinogens

Answer 32

drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

-LSD, acid, mesacline, PCP, and ketamine

Question 33

marijunana

Answer 33

the leaves and buds of the hemp plant

• contain THC, the active ingrediant in marijuana

Question 34

harm reduction approach

Answer 34

a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people’s lives

Question 35

hypnosis

Answer 35

an altered state of consiousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one’s actions are occurring involuntarily

Question 36

posyhypnotic amnesia

Answer 36

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

-you can lose memories in hyposis and them remember them but you cant retrieve memories you lost before hypnosis

Question 37

hypnotic analgesia

Answer 37

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis

Question 38

brain activity during hypnosis

Answer 38

• right anterior cingulate cortex is activated

Question 39

meditation

Answer 39

the practice of intentional contemplation