Chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

-involves aquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction in an organism

ex: pressentation of food for dog

Question 4

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 4

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

ex: dog’s salvating when food is presented

Question 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

ex: sound of a buzzer for dogs in pavlov’s experiment

Question 6

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

ex: salvation again (with sound of buzzer)

Question 7

aquisition

Answer 7

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

-buzzer and food together

Question 8

second-order conditioning

Answer 8

conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

(once the CS is brought back)

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

a process in which the CR is observed even though teh CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

Question 12

discrimination

Answer 12

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 13

The Rescorla-Wagner Model

Answer 13

introdcued a cognative component that accounted for a variety of classical-conditioning phenomena that were difficult to understand from the simple behaviorest point of view.

Question 14

delay conditioning

Answer 14

the CS is tone that is folowed immediately by the US, a puff of air, which elicits an eyeblink response

Question 15

trace conditioning

Answer 15

uses the indentical procedures, with one difference: In trace conditioning, there is a brief interval of time after the tone ends and the air puff is delivered.

Question 16

amygdala

Answer 16

plays a role in emotional and fear conditioning

Question 17

biological preparedness

Answer 17

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Question 18

operant conditioning

Answer 18

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

• Thorndike’s puzzle box (cat had to do something to escape)

Question 19

instrumental behaviors

Answer 19

• Thorndike’s research
• behavior that required an organism to do something, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment.

Question 20

law of effect

Answer 20

the principle that behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

Question 21

operant behavior

Answer 21

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

• Skinner box (operant chamber) was used to study this

Question 22

reinforcer

Answer 22

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

where a rewarding stimulus is presented

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

where a negative stimulus is removed

(ex: removing a shock)

Question 25

punisher

Answer 25

any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Question 26

positive punishment

Answer 26

where an unpleasant stimulus is administered

Question 27

negative punishment

Answer 27

where a rewarding stimulus is removed

Question 28

primary reinforcers

Answer 28

• food, warmth, shelter
• help satisfy our biological needs

Question 29

secondary reinforcers

Answer 29

money, praise, trophy

things we dont need

Question 30

overjustification effect

Answer 30

circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

Question 31

stimulus control

Answer 31

develops when a particular response only occurs when an appropriate discriminative stimulus is present

-ex: you would laugh at your teacher with your friends and starbucks, but not in class

Question 32

fixed interval schedule (FI)

Answer 32

an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

ex: 2-minutes fixed interval

Question 33

variable interval schedule (VI)

Answer 33

an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

ex: every 2 minutes on average, but not after each exact 2 minute period

Question 34

fixed ratio schedule (FR)

Answer 34

an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

ex: after every 4th response

Question 35

variable ratio schedule (VR)

Answer 35

an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

ex: slot machines

Question 36

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 36

an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Question 37

intermittenet-reinforcement effect

Answer 37

the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintianed under continuous reinforcement

Question 38

shaping

Answer 38

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Question 39

latent learning

Answer 39

a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

Question 40

cognitive map

Answer 40

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

ex: Tolman’s apparatus’s for mice tested this

Question 41

pleasure centers in the brain

(reinforcement)

Answer 41

• nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, hypotahlamus
• secrete dopamine

Question 42

observational learning

Answer 42

a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

Question 43

diffusion chain

Answer 43

a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

Question 44

implicit learning

Answer 44

learning that takes palce largely without awareness of the process or the products of information aquisition

• ex: when people create artificial grammar
• occipital lobe lights up

Question 45

habituation

Answer 45

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response