Chapter 7 Flashcards
learning
experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
-involves aquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience
classical conditioning
when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
unconditioned stimulus (US)
something that reliably produces a naturally occuring reaction in an organism
ex: pressentation of food for dog
unconditioned response (UR)
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
ex: dog’s salvating when food is presented
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
ex: sound of a buzzer for dogs in pavlov’s experiment
conditioned response (CR)
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
ex: salvation again (with sound of buzzer)
aquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
-buzzer and food together
second-order conditioning
conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS
extinction
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
spontaneous recovery
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
(once the CS is brought back)
generalization
a process in which the CR is observed even though teh CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
discrimination
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
The Rescorla-Wagner Model
introdcued a cognative component that accounted for a variety of classical-conditioning phenomena that were difficult to understand from the simple behaviorest point of view.
delay conditioning
the CS is tone that is folowed immediately by the US, a puff of air, which elicits an eyeblink response
trace conditioning
uses the indentical procedures, with one difference: In trace conditioning, there is a brief interval of time after the tone ends and the air puff is delivered.
amygdala
plays a role in emotional and fear conditioning
biological preparedness
a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
- Thorndike’s puzzle box (cat had to do something to escape)
instrumental behaviors
- Thorndike’s research
- behavior that required an organism to do something, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment.
law of effect
the principle that behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated
operant behavior
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
- Skinner box (operant chamber) was used to study this
reinforcer
any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
positive reinforcement
where a rewarding stimulus is presented
negative reinforcement
where a negative stimulus is removed
(ex: removing a shock)
punisher
any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
positive punishment
where an unpleasant stimulus is administered
negative punishment
where a rewarding stimulus is removed
primary reinforcers
- food, warmth, shelter
- help satisfy our biological needs
secondary reinforcers
money, praise, trophy
things we dont need
overjustification effect
circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
stimulus control
develops when a particular response only occurs when an appropriate discriminative stimulus is present
-ex: you would laugh at your teacher with your friends and starbucks, but not in class
fixed interval schedule (FI)
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
ex: 2-minutes fixed interval
variable interval schedule (VI)
an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
ex: every 2 minutes on average, but not after each exact 2 minute period
fixed ratio schedule (FR)
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
ex: after every 4th response
variable ratio schedule (VR)
an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
ex: slot machines
intermittent reinforcement
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
intermittenet-reinforcement effect
the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintianed under continuous reinforcement
shaping
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior
latent learning
a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
cognitive map
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
ex: Tolman’s apparatus’s for mice tested this
pleasure centers in the brain
(reinforcement)
- nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, hypotahlamus
- secrete dopamine
observational learning
a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
diffusion chain
a process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior
implicit learning
learning that takes palce largely without awareness of the process or the products of information aquisition
- ex: when people create artificial grammar
- occipital lobe lights up
habituation
a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response
