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PSYCH 111 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the behaviorist theory in language acquisition?

A

First outline by B. F. Skinner

Children learn language through imitation and reinforcement (and other principles of conditioning)

Vocalizations that are not reinforced decline in frequency

Remaining vocalizations are shaped with reinforcers until they are correct

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2
Q

Nativist theories of language acquisition

A

Noam Chomsky

Children learn the rules of language

Language acquisition device (LAD) is an innate mechanism that facilitates learning language

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3
Q

Interactionist theories of language acquisition

A

Biology and experience contribute to language development

The human brain is hardwired to readily recognize the sound patterns that make up human languages

Some sounds are not common in language because they are not easy to replicate

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4
Q

According to the interactionist model, what three things contribute to language development?

A

Biological maturation, neural development

Cognitive development

Linguistic environment (instruction, reinforcement)

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5
Q

Bilingualism

A

May be a slight handicap in terms of war language processing speed and verbal fluency

Score moderately higher than monolinguals on measures of attention control, working memory capacity, abstract reasoning, and certain types of problem-solving

Bilinguals and monolinguals are similar in the course and rate of language development

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6
Q

What is the linguistic relativity theory?

A

The Whorfian hypothesis that one’s language affects the nature of one’s thoughts

Whorf speculated that different languages (or cultural vocabulary) lead people to view the world differently

Whorf’s hypothesis has been the subject of considerable research and continues to generate debate

New evidence favoring the linguistic relativity hypothesis

strong hypothesis=language determines our worldview
weak hypothesis=language influences our worldview

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7
Q

Does language help our cognition and intelligence?

A

It do

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8
Q

Is the Whorfian hypothesis THE theory of language development?

A

No, not all psychologist support this theory, some are critical

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9
Q

Problem solving

A
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10
Q

What are the three types of problems?

A

Problems of inducing structure
Problems of arrangement
Problems of transformation

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11
Q

What are problems of inducing structure?

A

Discover the relation among the parts of the problem (series completion, analogies)

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12
Q

What are problems of arrangement?

A

Arrange parts in a way that satisfies a criterion (string problem [using whats in the room to tie strings together], anagrams [solving mixed-up letters to a word])

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13
Q

What are problems of transformation?

A

Complete a sequence of transformation to reach a specific goal (like how to get

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14
Q

What is insight?

A

The sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error

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15
Q

What is trial and error?

A

Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works

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16
Q

What does is a heuristic?

A

A guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions

17
Q

What is forming subgoals?

A

Intermediate steps toward a solution

18
Q

What is searching for analogies?

A

Use the solution to a previous problem to solve a current one

19
Q

Insight, trial and error, forming subgoals, and searching for analogies are all signs of what in problem solving?

A

Intelligence

20
Q

What is the incubation effect?

A

Occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem

21
Q

What process is used when changing the representation of the problem?

A

Depends on how you envision a problem

Use a variety of ways to represent like diagrams, flowcharts, graphs, etc.

Restructuring the representation of problems is often the key to solving insight problems

22
Q

What cognitive styles used to problem solve are more prevalent in certain cultures? What cultures?

A

Holistic cognitive style (Eastern Asian countries)
Analytic cognitive style (Western countries)

23
Q

What is the holistic cognitive style? Where is it prevalent?

A

Focuses on context and relationships among elements. More prevalent in eastern Asian countries

24
Q

What is the analytic cognitive style? Where is it prevalent?

A

Focuses on objects and their properties rather than context. More prevalent in western countries

25
Q

What is choice overload?

A

Increases the potential for rumination and post-decision regret

People may defer decisions if they have too many choices

Less confidence and satisfaction about their decisions

Depends on decision factors such as time constraints, complexity and comparability of options, and presence of an obvious best choice

Those who feel knowledgeable about a set of options are less vulnerable to choice overload

26
Q

What are 3 heuristic methods of decision making?

A

Risky decision making
Availablitity
Representativeness

27
Q

Who first expressed intelligence as mental age?

A

Binet-Simon

28
Q

What scale expanded Binet-Simon’s original scale?

A

Stanford-Binet

29
Q

What is IQ according to the Stanford-Binet test?

A

Mental age x 100

30
Q

Who expanded intelligence testing to adults?

A

Wechsler

31
Q

What is the WAIS?

A

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

Used normal distribution and relied less on verbal ability

32
Q
A

Binet-Simon
Stanford-Binet
iQ
WAIS

33
Q

What is a normal distribution?

A

Represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population. A “bell curve”

34
Q

What is a deviation IQ?

A

Locates respondents precisely within the normal distribution

35
Q

What is a percentile score

A

Percentage of people who score at or below the ore one has obtained

36
Q

What is reliability in psyhcological tests? What is a test that is exceptionally reliable?

A

The measurement consistency of a psychological test

IQ test are exceptionally reliable

37
Q

What is validity in psychological tests? When do IQ tests have high validity?

A

The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

IQ tests are valid measures of the kind of intelligence necessary to do well in academic work

If the purpose is to assess intelligence in a broader sense, the validity of IQ tests is questionable

38
Q

People with high IQ’s are more likely to end up in what kind of jobs?

A

high-status

39
Q
A

PSYCH 111 (14 decks)

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