Chapter 1

Question 1

The term psychology comes from

Answer 1

two Greek words, psyche, meaning the soul, and logos, referring to the study of a subject.

Question 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 2

Mounted a campaign to make psychology an independent discipline rather than a stepchild of philosophy or physiology

Founder of psychology. First lab and psychology journal

Question 3

Structuralism

Answer 3

□ The notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related.
□ Depends on introspection

Question 4

Introspection

Answer 4

The careful, systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience.

Question 5

Stream of consciousness

Answer 5

The flow of elements of consciousness

Question 6

William James

Answer 6

Founder of Functionalism

Question 7

Functionalism

Answer 7

The belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure

Question 8

Sigmund Freud

Answer 8

Founder of psychoanalytic theory

Question 9

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 9

Suggests that people have unconscious thoughts, desires, memories, and feelings that can cause clinical symptoms
According to Freud, the unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

Question 10

John B. Watson

Answer 10

Founder of Behavioralism

Question 11

Behaviorism

Answer 11

□ Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
□ Watson believed the power of the scientific method rested on the idea of verifiability.
□ He discounted the importance of heredity. He maintained that behavior is governed entirely by the environment.

Question 12

B. F. Skinner’s principle

Answer 12

□ Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
He asserted that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli and that free will is an illusion

Question 13

Carl R. Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Answer 13

Founders of Humanism

Question 14

Humanism

Answer 14

□ Theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
Human behavior is governed primarily by each individual’s sense of self, or “self-concept”

Question 15

When did psychology gain support by the government?

Answer 15

After WWII when many psychologists became clinicians helping soldiers after traumatic experiences

Question 16

Cognition

Answer 16

□ The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. In other words, cognition involves thinking or conscious experience.
□ Cognitive theorists argue that psychology must include the study of internal mental events to fully understand human behavior

Question 17

Biological perspective

Answer 17

Thought that much of human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of the brain structures and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave

Question 18

Psychologists are seeking to understand psychological principles in different cultures because of 2 reasons

Answer 18

1. Global interdependence/interconnection
2. Mixing of cultures as people move across the world

Question 19

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 19

□ The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms’ reproductive success—that is, passing on genes to the next generation

Question 20

Martin Seligman

Answer 20

founder of Positive psychology

Question 21

Positive psychology

Answer 21

□ Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

Development after Seligman recognized how negatively-focused the field of Psychology was

Question 22

3 areas of interest of positive psychology

Answer 22

1. positive subjective experiences
2. positive individual traits
3. positive institutions and communities

Question 23

Psychology definition

Answer 23

□ The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

Question 24

9 Main domains of research in psychology

Answer 24

1. developmental psychology
   
   2. social psychology
   3. experimental psychology
   4. physiological psychology
   5. cognitive psychology
   6. Personality
   7. Psychometrics
   8. educational psychology
      health psychology

Question 25

4 Main domains of applied psychology

Answer 25

1. Clinical psychology
   
   2. Counseling psychology
   3. School psychology
   4. Industrial/organizational psychology

Question 26

Psychiatry

Answer 26

□ A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
□ In contrast, clinical psychology takes a nonmedical approach to such problems.

Question 27

7 Unifying Themes of Psychology

Answer 27

Psychology is empirical
Psychology is theoretically diverse
Psychology evolves in sociohistorical contexts
Behavior is determined by multiple causes
Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
People’s experience of the world is highly subjective

Question 28

Elder Maxwell’s seven basic truths

Answer 28

1. Man is created in the image of God
2. Environment and hereditary by themselves do not account for all human differences
   3.Free agency is an exceedingly important element in the growth and development of individuals; indeed, as president Marion G. Romney has said, “the preservation of this free agency is more important than the preservation of life itself”
3. Life’s design is such that God, speaking of us, has said with reference to this mortal estate,” Let us prove them herewith”(Abraham 3:25), a truth that is rich with implications.
4. Life’s Divine design also involves “ an opposition in all things” (2 Nephi 2:11-16)
5. This is a world of law, the breaking or keeping of which brings misery or blessings, respectively
6. That “almost all men” misuse authority and power (D&C 121:39)

Question 29

What does ACh do?

Answer 29

Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles
Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory
Some ACh receptors stimulated by nicotine

Question 30

What are the three monoamines?

Answer 30

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

Question 31

What does dopamine do?

Answer 31

Contributes to control of voluntary movement
Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses
Dopamine circuits in medial forebrain bundle characterized as “reward pathway”

Question 32

What does norepinephrine do?

Answer 32

Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal
Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at NE synapses

Question 33

What does serotonin do?

Answer 33

Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression
Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs affect serotonin circuits

Question 34

What does GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) do?

Answer 34

Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter, contributing to regulation of anxiety and sleep/arousal Valium and similar antianxiety drugs work at GABA synapses

Question 35

What do endorphins do?

Answer 35

Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects
Play role in pain relief and response to stress
Contribute to regulation of eating behavior

Question 36

What is oxytocin’s nickname?

Answer 36

The love hormone

Released when you’re:
Hugging your love ones
Playing with a dog
Playing with a baby
Holding hands