Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the three key processes of memory?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Why does our brain pay attention to one stimulus more than another rather than paying equal attention to all?
Our life would be chaos because we can’t multitask for every stimulus around us
What are the three levels of processing, shallow first and deep last?
Structural
Phonemic
Semantic
What is structural encoding?
Relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of stimulus
What is phonemic encoding?
Emphasizes what a word sounds like, involves naming or saying the word silently
What is semantic encoding?
Emphasizes the meaning of the verbal input, it includes thinking about the objects and actions the words represent
What are 4 methods of enriching encoding?
Elaboration
Visual Imagery
Dual coding theory
Motivation to remember
What is elaboration in encoding?
The linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding, enhances semantic encoding
What is visual imagery in encoding?
The creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
What is dual coding theory in encoding?
Paivio’s theory that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall
What is motivation to remember in encoding?
High motivation to remember (MTR) at the time fo encoding improves recall after
According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, what are the three categories of memory?
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, what is between sensory memory and short-term memory?
Attention
According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, what is unique to the short-term memory?
Rehearsal
How long does short-term memory (STM) last? About how many items can be stored?
20 seconds
7 seconds
What action is essential to keeping short term memory longer than 10-20 seconds?
Rehearsal
What is chunking?
Grouping familiar things in order to increase short-term memory
What are flashbulb memories?
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
What happens to flahsbulb memories as time goes on
They become less detailed and complete with time and are often inaccurate
What is hyperthymesia?
People can remember nearly every event of every day of their lives.
What is Eidetic memory?
The ability to recall any image after only seeing once for a short period of time. The memory fades after after a few seconds or is stored in long-term memory
What is photographic memory?
People can recall a visualization for a long time in detail as when they first saw it. Scientists debate the reality of it
What is a semantic network?
Nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related objects
What are retrieval cues
Retrieval cues are stimuli that help gain access to memories, such as hints, related information, or partial recollections
What are nonsense syllables?
Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words
Who first graphed a forgetting curve?
Ebbinghaus
What is interference theory?
The idea that people forget information because of competition from other material
What is retroactive interference?
Occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
What is proactive interference?
Occurs when previously information interferes with the retention of new information
What is declarative memory?
handles factual information. It contains recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas
What are the two divisions of declarative memory?
Semantic and episodic
What is non-declarative memory?
houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories
What is the serial-position effect?
Occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle
What are acrostics?
phrases (or poems) in which the first letter of each word (or line) functions as a cue to help you recall information to be remembered. For instance, you can remember the order of musical notes with the saying “Every Good Boy Does Fine.”
What is the link method?
Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together
What is the Method of Loci?
involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations
What is an acronym?
a word formed out of the first letters of a series of words. Students memorizing the order of colors in the light spectrum often store the name “Roy G. Biv”
What is episodic memory?
made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences. Episodic memory is a record of things you’ve done, seen, and heard
What is semantic memory?
contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned. Semantic memory contains information such as Christmas is December 25th, dogs have four legs, the U.S. Supreme Court has nine justices, and Phoenix is located in Arizona
What is the difference of retrospective and prospective memory?
Retrospective is remembering information or events from the past.
Prospective is remembering to do something in the future.
What is sensory memory?
The preservation of information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
What does schema mean?
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event
What is the misinformation effect demonstrated by Loftus?
occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information
What is decay theory?
proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time. According to decay theory, the mere passage of time produces forgetting.
