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PSYCH 111 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lens

A

a transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina.

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2
Q

Pupil

A

The opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye

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3
Q

Retina

A

the neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain

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4
Q

Optic disc

A

A hole in the retina where the axons from the eye converge and go to the brain

Also known as the blind spot because it is a hole where light cannot be processed

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5
Q

Cones

A

Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision

About 6 million in human eyes

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6
Q

Rods

A

Specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision

About 100 million in human eyes

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7
Q

Fovea

A

a tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot

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8
Q

Dark adaptation

A

the process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination

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9
Q

Light adaptation

A

the process in which the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination

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10
Q

Receptive field of a visual cell

A

the retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell

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11
Q

Optic chiasm

A

the point at which the axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain

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12
Q

Feature detectors

A

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli

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13
Q

What are the “what and where” pathways for visual processing

A

Ventral stream (what)
Dorsal stream (where)

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14
Q

What is processed in the ventral stream?

A

processes the details of what objects are out there

the perception of form and color

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15
Q

What is processed in the dorsal stream?

A

processes where the objects are located

the perception of motion and depth

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16
Q

What is subtractive color mixing

A

works by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there

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17
Q

What is additive color mixing?

A

works by superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself

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18
Q

What is trichromatic theory?

A

Holds that the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths

believed that the eye contains specialized receptors sensitive to the wavelengths associated with red, green, or blue

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19
Q

What us color blindness

A

a variety of deficiencies in the ability to distinguish among colors

Color blindness occurs in roughly 8% of males but in less than 1% of females

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20
Q

What are complementary colors

A

pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together

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21
Q

What is afterimage?

A

a visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed

The color of the afterimage will be the complement of the color you originally stared at

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22
Q

What is opponent process theory?

A

holds that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors

The three pairs of opponent colors hypothesized are red versus green, yellow versus blue, and black versus white

The antagonistic processes in this theory provide plausible explanations for complementary afterimages and the need for four names (red, green, blue, and yellow) to describe colors

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23
Q

What is a reversible figure?

A

A drawing that is compatible with two different interpretations that can shift back and forth

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24
Q

What is a perceptual set?

A

a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

A perceptual set creates a certain bias in how someone interprets sensory input

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25
Q

What is inattentional blindeness?

A

The failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display because one’s attention is focused elsewhere

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26
Q

What is feature analysis?

A

the process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form

Feature analysis assumes that form perception involves bottom-up processing

27
Q

What is bottom-up prcessing?

A

a progression of processing from individual elements to the whole

28
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

a progression of processing from the whole to the elements

29
Q

What is the phi phenomenon?

A

The perception of movement from a series of still images (like animations)

30
Q

In an image, what is the figure and the background?

A

The figure is the thing being looked at, and the ground is the background against which it stands

31
Q

What is perceptual hypothesis?

A

An inference about what form could be responsible for a pattern of sensory stimulation.

32
Q

What are binocular depth cues?

A

clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes.

33
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

refers to the fact that objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object

34
Q

What are monocular depth cues?

A

clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone

35
Q

What are pictorial depth cues?

A

cues about distance that can be given in a flat picture

36
Q

What are the 6 pictorial depth cues?

A

□ linear perspective
□ Texture gradients
□ Interposition
□ Relative size
□ Height in plane
□ Light and Shadow

37
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

a tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input

Ex. Someone’s face gets bigger as they get closer, but we understand their face isn’t actually growing, just coming towards us

38
Q

What are the Gestalt principles?

A

Gestalt = form or shape

I\This states that the whole can be greater than it’s parts

39
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A

The pinna: the cone of the ear that we see

40
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

Eardrum
Ossicles

41
Q

What are the ossicles and what is their function?

A

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup.

They transmit air vibrations from the outer ear into the inner ear

42
Q

What does the inner-ear consist of?

A

Cochlea
Basilar membrane

43
Q

What is the cochlea and where is it located?

A

A fluid-filled, coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing. It is in the inner-ear.

44
Q

What is the basilar membrane and where is it located?

A

Membrane in the cochlea that holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells. Waves in the fluid of the inner ear stimulate the hair cells which transmit neural impulses.

45
Q

What are the two theories of hearing?

A

Place theory
Frequency theory

46
Q

What does place theory state?

A

A pitch is heard because it vibrates a hair cell on the basilar membrane that corresponds to that pitch, sending a neural impulse to the brain

47
Q

What does frequency theory state?

A

A pitch is heard because it vibrates the whole basilar membrane and all hair cells. The cells register the frequency of the pitch and send a neural signal

48
Q

What is auditory localization?

A

locating the source of a sound in space

49
Q

What is the gustatory system?

A

The sensory system for taste

50
Q

What are gustatory receptors?

A

clusters of taste cells found in the taste buds that line the trenches around tiny bumps on the tongue

51
Q

What are the four primary tastes?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, and salty

52
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

53
Q

What is the olfactory system?

A

Sensory system of smell

54
Q

What are the cell receptors for smells and where are they located?

A

olfactory cilia

hairlike structures located in the upper portion of the nasal passages

55
Q

What are pain receptors and where are they located?

A

mostly free nerve endings in the skin

56
Q

What does the fast pathway for pain relay to the thalamus?

A

Registers localized pain and relays it to the cortex in a fraction of a second

This is the system that hits you with sharp pain when you first cut your finger

57
Q

What does the slow pathway for pain relay to the thalamus?

A

This pathway (which also carries information about temperature) conveys the less localized, longer-lasting aching or burning pain that comes after the initial injury.
Lags a second or two behind the fast system

58
Q

What does gate-control theory state?

A

Holds that incoming pain sensations must pass through a “gate” in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals.

59
Q

What is the fifth taste detectable by our tongue?

A

Umami, the savory taste of glutamate found in foods such as meats and cheeses

60
Q

How many taste buds do non-tasters have when compared to supertasters?

A

One-fourth

61
Q

What are the four sensations of touch?

A

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

62
Q

What are the two regions of processing for touch?

A

Thalamus and the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes

63
Q

What the natural painkillers produced by the body?

A

Endorphins

PSYCH 111 (14 decks)

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