Chapter 11 Flashcards
Zygote
Microscopic mass of multiplying cells that migrates along the mother’s fallopian tube into the uterine cavity. Germinal stage
Germinal Stage
First phase of prenatal development, first two weeks after conception
When does the zygote implant in the uterine wall?
Day 7
When does the placenta form?
During the implantation process
What is the placenta?
A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother
When is the embryonic stage?
Week two until the second month
What happens in the embryonic stage?
Vital organs and body systems begin to form. Arms, legs, limbs, feet, toes, ears are discernible
When is the fetal stage?
Two months-birth
What happens in the fetal stage?
Rapid bodily growth, as muscles and bones begin to form in the first two months. Organs continue to grow and begin to function. Brain cells multiply, a layer of fat is deposited under the skin for insulation, and the respiratory and digestive systems mature
What happens at week 24 of pregnancy?
Eyes open, facial and auditory senses become operational
What does FOAD mean?
Fetal origin of adult disease
Events during prenatal development can cause vulnerabilities decades later such as heart disease, hypertension, obesity, etc.
What is maturation in relation to child development?
Development that reflects the unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint
What are developmental norms and what is a big example?
Typical age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities.
Walking happens at around a year
What is the behaviorist theory of attachment?
Develops because mothers are associated with the reinforcing event of being fed
How did Harry Harlow contribute to the theory of attachment?
Studies of attachment in infant rhesus monkeys on the importance of touch to attachment
What is the secure attachment pattern?
Infants play and explore with mother present, become upset when mother leaves, quickly calmed by their return
What is the anxious-ambivalent attachment pattern?
Infants are anxious even when mother is present, protest when they leave, not comforted when they return
What is the avoidance attachment pattern?
Infants seek little contact with their mothers, often are not distressed when they leave
What is Erikson’s stage theory?
Each of the eight stages brings a psychosocial crisis involving transitions in important social relationships
What is Piaget’s stage theory?
The sensorimotor period lasts from birth to about age 2. A child develops the ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions. Object permanence develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
What is the preoperational period?
Ages 2-7
Conservation: Awareness that physical quantities remain constant
Concentration: Ability to focus on just one feature
Irreversibility: Inability to envision reversing an action
Egocentrism: Limited ability to share another person’s point of view
Animism: Belief that all things are living
What is the concrete operational period?
ages 7-11
Child can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and events. Gradual mastery of conservation
What is the formal operations period?
Begins around age 11
Final stage
Begin to enjoy abstract concepts in addition to concrete concepts
What is Kohlberg’s model?
6 Stages attempting to explain how youngsters develop a sense of right and wrong
What is consistency in personality?
Explains the stability in a person’s behavior over time and across situations
What is distinctiveness in personality?
Explains behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation
What is a personality trait?
A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations (like extroversion)
What are personality factors?
Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables. (talkative, sociable, enthusiastic, etc.). Most approaches to personality assume that some traits are more basic than others. Factors are used to identify personality traits
What are the traits of the five-factor model of personality traits?
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness (constraint)
Openness to experience
Extraversion (positive emotionality)
Neuroticism (negative emotionality)
What is extraversion?
Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, positive outlook, motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, interdependence
What is neuroticism?
Anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, may exhibit more impulsiveness and emotion
What is openness to experience?
curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, intellectual pursuits, unconventional attitudes, tend to tolerate ambiguity
What is aggreeableness?
Warm, sympathetic, trusting, compassionate, cooperative, modest, straightforward, correlated with empathy and helping behavior
What is conscientiousness?
Diligent, well-organized, punctual, dependable, associated with strong self-discipline and ability to regulate oneself effectively
What personality trait tends to expand with age?
Aggreeableness
What is the Id, ego, superego model?
Freud’s model of personality structure
Id: Primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle (the horse)
Ego: The decision-making component that operates according to the reality principle (the rider)
Superego: Moral component that incorporates social standards about right and wrong (the backhorse rider)
What are the 4 defense machanisms?
Displacement
Reaction formation
Regression
Identification
What is displacement anxiety and defense mechanism?
Diverting emotions from original source to a substitute target
What is reaction formation anxiety and defense mechanism?
Behaving in a manner opposite of one’s true feelings
What is regression anxiety and defense mechanism?
Reversion to immautre patterns of behavior
What is identification anxiety and defense mechanism?
Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with person or group
What is rationalization anxiety and defense mechanism?
Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
What is Repression anxiety and defense mechanism?
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
What is Projection anxiety and defense mechanism?
Attributing one’s thoughts, feelings, or motives to another (You’re nervous, aren’t you?)
What are the 3 stages of the psychosexual development according to Freud? What are the ages of each?
Oral stage 0-1 year
Anal Stage 2 years
Phallic stage 3-5
Latency/genital stage 5-end of puberty (Latent is no sexual motivation. Genital is sexual intercourse)
According to Freud, what results in anal retentiveness?
Too harsh during potty training
Who was the first to see homosexuality as a breach of normal development?
Freud
What is the difference between the phallic and the genital stage?
Phallic stage: Fascination with boys that they have a penis, girls that they don’t have one
Genital stage: Fascination with your own genitals and others
What is sublimation?
Diverting personal issues to socially acceptable things (Like work)
What is Carl Jung’s analytical psychology focused on?
The collective unconscious
Because we all have similar ancestry, we have similar personality traits are unconscious to us (example: fear of spiders, stories of heros). The shared unconscious traits are due to archetypes within each of us
What did Alfred Adler contribute to individual psychology?
Superiority is the foremost source of human motivation.
Compensation: efforts to overcome inferiorities
Inferiority complexes, overcompensation, and birth order personality effects
Determinism according to Skinner
Behavior is determined by environmental stimuli
Personality according to Skinner
A collection of response tendencies tied to stimulus situations
Who developed social cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
What is social cognitive theory?
Personality is shaped through learning, like behaviorism. People seek and process information about their environment to maximize favorable outcomes
What is self-efficacy? Who coined the term?
One’s belief about ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
Albert Bandura
What does humanism say about personality?
Our personality is centered on more than our primal animal heritage subject to the unconscious. We can rise above other factors to be good
