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Child Dev > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Body mass index is the lowest in the lifespan between ages

A

5 and 6

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2
Q

Between the ages of 2-6 a child will gain about

A

4.5 pounds per year
3 inches per year

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3
Q

A typical six year old looks lean because

A

Their legs make up half their body proportion

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4
Q

They have small appetites often satisfied by

A

unhealthy food

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5
Q

What habits contribute to obesity, especially in children of lower socioeconomic status?

A

Living with grandparents
Less exercise
More screen time
Fewer veggies
More fast food
Culture that encourages sugar consumption

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6
Q

What is the correlation between family income and obesity? Negative? Positive? Zero?

A

Negative. One goes up, other goes down. Income goes up, obesity goes down

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7
Q

What happens to a child’s appetite between the ages of 2 and 6?

A

Decreases

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8
Q

Does immigration increase or decrease weight in childhood?

A

Increases

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9
Q

Most common nutritional deficiencies in young children

A

Iron, zinc, calcium (may be caused by the increased consumption of soda)

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10
Q

How to ensure adequate nutrition for children?

A

Serve healthy food when children are hungry
Serve a variety of healthy food early in life before dislikes develop

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11
Q

Immediate harm of too much sugar in a child’s diet?

A

Tooth decay. Eat more fiber, less sugar, and brush teeth better. Most common disease is cavities

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12
Q

Percent of children with significant food allergies?

A

8 percent

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13
Q

Most common food allergies in children?

A

Peanuts, soy, eggs, milk, fish, wheat, shellfish, tree nuts

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14
Q

2 year old human brain weighs what percent of the adult brain?

A

75%

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15
Q

The 6 year old human brain weighs what percent of the human brain

A

90%

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16
Q

What is myelination?

A

The fatty coating on the surface of axons. Called myelin

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17
Q

What does myelin do?

A

Speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

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18
Q

Which part of the brain aids in coordinating the two sides of the body?
Example?

A

Corpus Callosum: Long band of nerve fibers that connect the left and right sides of the bran
Ex: Allows a child to hold the paper down with her left hand and write with her right

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19
Q

Lateralization

A

Specialization of certain functions by each side of the brain

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20
Q

What determines lateralization?

A

Genes, prenatal hormones, early experiences

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21
Q

What percentage of people are left-handed?

A

1/10 children. This is partly genetic. They are affected by the design of doorknobs, scissors, baseball mitts, etc

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22
Q

What does the left side of the brain notice?

A

Details, logical reasoning, detailed analysis, basics of language

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23
Q

What does the right side of the brain notice>

A

Big picture, emotional and creative impulses, appreciation for music, art, and poetry

24
Q

Part of the brain where planning, language, and advanced thought happens?

A

Left hemisphere

25
Q

What does maturation of the pre-frontal cortex enable?

A

Regular sleep, nuanced emotions, less temper tantrums, uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common, pickiness declines

26
Q

Impulsiveness and perseveration are both related to the underdevelopment of the

A

prefrontal cortex

27
Q

Impulsiveness

A

Acting before thinking

28
Q

Perseveration

A

Tendency to stick to one thought or action for a long time

29
Q

When can stress be positive?

A

A small amount with warm supportive adults can improve memory

30
Q

What does too much stress early in brain development do?

A

Floods brain with cortisol, changing brain structures
Child will have over or under emotional reactions throughout life

31
Q

Gross major milestone of age 3

A

Kick, throw a ball, pedal a tricycle, jump with both feet

32
Q

Gross motor milestones age 4

A

Catch a large ball, use scissors, dress self, pour milk, copy most letters

33
Q

Major gross motor milestones of age 5

A

Skip and clap in rhythm, comb hair

34
Q

Major gross motor milestones age 6

A

Write simple words, read, tie shoes

35
Q

What factors enable the development of gross motor skills?

A

Brain maturation
motivation
Guided practice
Peers/siblings that demonstrate whatever the child is ready to try

36
Q

Urbanization concerns with gross motor skills

A

Next generation may have no safe place to practice motor skills

37
Q

Obstacles to development of gross motor skills?

A

Urbanization, lack of peers/siblings

38
Q

Fine motor skills examples

A

Pouring milk, using knife and fork, drawing, buttoning
Matures 6 months earlier in girls

39
Q

Obstacles to fine motor skill development

A

Limited myelination of the corpus callosum, short stubby fingers, opportunities for practice

40
Q

Are children externally or intrinsically motivated?

A

Intrinsic

41
Q

Do more children die from accidents or disease? (in the US)

A

4x as many children die from accidents as from disease
Falls are more likely to kill children under the age of 2

42
Q

Leading causes of death among young children ages 2-6

A

Poison, fire, drowning

43
Q

Injury control

A

Accidents are not random and can be made less frequent. Injuries can be made less harmful

44
Q

Primary prevention

A

Changing the overall environment regardless of risk factors
Ex: Speed limit signs all over town

45
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Targeting High Risk Areas with prevention measures
Ex: Speed limit signs with lights near schools

46
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

After an accident there is quick transport and treatment
Ex: The Golden Hour, ambulances

47
Q

The 2 categories of child maltreatment

A

Child abuse: Deliberate action harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being
Child neglect: Failure to meet child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

48
Q

Who are the most common perpetrators of child maltreatment

A

92% of the time, it is the parents

49
Q

Reported Maltreatment

A

The authorities have been informed

50
Q

Substantiated Maltreatment:

A

A case has been reported, investigated, and verified

51
Q

Signs of child maltreatment

A

Slow growth, immature communication, lack of curiosity, unusual social interaction

52
Q

Long term impacts of child maltreatment

A

Adult drug abuse, social isolation, poor health. Internalizing problems for girls (depression)
Externalizing problems for boys (aggression)

53
Q

Permanency planning

A

Effort by child-welfare authorities to find long-term living situation that will provide stability and support. Either by supporting the original family or finding another home.

54
Q

Foster care

A

Legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents’ custody and entrusted to another adult or family

55
Q

Kinship care

A

Form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes the approved caregiver

56
Q

Adoption

A

Legal proceeding in which an adult or couple unrelated to a child is granted the joys and obligations of being the child’s parents.

Child Dev (12 decks)

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