Chapter 10

Question 1

What is the main psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6?

Answer 1

Emotional regulation. Learning how and when to express emotion. Predicts success in other aspects of life. “…connecting the emotional limbic system to the maturing pre-frontal cortex”

Question 2

Attributes of an emotionally wellregulated child

Answer 2

Friendly to familiar people, but not TOO friendly to new people.
Angry, but not explosive
Frightened, but not terrified
Able to distract themselves and self-soothe

Question 3

What physical processes in the brain enable increased emotional regulation?

Answer 3

The connection of the limbic system to the maturing pre-frontal cortex.

Question 4

Erickson’s Initiative vs. guilt stage?

Answer 4

Children undertake new activities and feel guilty when they don’t succeed in them. Guilt makes children afraid to try new activities.

Question 5

Protective optimism

Answer 5

Children believe their good traits will endure and their bad traits will disappear. They are more proud than realistic

Question 6

Self-concept

Answer 6

An understanding of the self that incudes gender and size.

Question 7

Shared emotionality

Answer 7

Parents and children regulate-and dysregulate-each other. Reinforce happy behaviors at young ages. Sharing positive emotions increase endorphins and lowers cortisol in BOTH adults and children.

Question 8

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

Drive to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person. Can be motivated by the need to help others, or to increase one’s feelings of self-worth

Question 9

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 9

Drive to pursue a goal that arises from outside a person. Candy, prizes, grades

Question 10

Way to encourage intrinsic motivation in children

Answer 10

Don’t tell them to do everything. They will naturally want to do things. Once you tell them, it was your idea, not theirs

Question 11

Imaginary friends and development

Answer 11

Combat loneliness and emotional regulation. Children want friends

Question 12

Mildred Parten’s Five Stages of Play

Answer 12

Solitary Play: Children play on their own and don’t seem to notice each other
Onlooker play: When children watch others play
Parallel play: When children begin to play side by side with other children. No interactions They pay attention to each other
Associative play: Children start asking questions of each other. Similar goals, no set rules
Social play: Children play with each other

Question 13

Screen time and development

Answer 13

Reduces conversation, imagination, emotional development, and outdoor activity

Question 14

How much screen time per day is recommended for children?

Answer 14

No more than one hour of screen time and no violent or sexual content

Question 15

What are the benefits of social play (including siblings)?

Answer 15

Peers and siblings provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy, and social understanding.

Question 16

What is rough and tumble play?

Answer 16

Mimics aggression, but no intent to harm
Wrestling, chasing, hitting, look for the “play face”
Children who have “rough and tumble” play with their fathers have lower rates of ADHD and better ability to manage strong emotions such as anger. Rough and tumble play probably enhances development of prefrontal cortex.

Question 17

Sociodramatic play helps develop:

Answer 17

Theory of mind

Question 18

What is sociodramatic play

Answer 18

Pretend play. Lets children explore and rehearse social roles and plots enacted around them. Family is a perfect setting for this. It helps children test their ability to explain and to convince playmates of their ideas

Question 19

Baumrind’s four DIMENSIONS of parenting

Answer 19

Expressions of warmth: very affectionate or cold or critical
Discipline: how they explain, criticize, persuade, ignore, and punish
Communication: listen patiently, others demand silence
Expectations for maturity: parents vary in standard for responsibility and self-control.

Question 20

Baumrind’s four PATTERNS of parenting

Answer 20

Authoritarian, Authoritative, permissive, neglectful

Question 21

Authoritarian

Answer 21

Characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication.

Question 22

Authoritative

Answer 22

Parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible. Have high expectations, but are forgiving (not punishing). See themselves as guides.

Question 23

Permissive

Answer 23

Characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control. Is the child’s “friend”

Question 24

Neglectful

Answer 24

Describe the Neglectful parenting style: Neglectful. Unaware of what the child is doing.

Question 25

Authoritarian in children

Answer 25

Low self-esteem, may feel guilty or depressed, blame themselves when things don’t go well. They are conscientious and obedient, but not particularly happy. Or they become rebellious.

Question 26

Authoritative in children

Answer 26

Children are successful, happy with themselves, generous with others, articulate, liked by teachers and peers.

Question 27

Permissive in children

Answer 27

Lack self-control and inadequate emotional regulation. Immature, may keep them from making friends, tend to continue to live at home because they are still dependent on the parents.

Question 28

Neglectful in children

Answer 28

Immature, sad, lonely, at risk of injury and abuse.

Question 29

Corporal Punishment

Answer 29

Physical punishment that physically hurts the body. Other methods are better

Question 30

Downsides of spanking for discipline?

Answer 30

There is a correlation between spanking and aggression in all ethnic groups.
Note: Young children are slapped, spanked, or beaten more often than children over age 6 or under age 2

Question 31

Psychological control discipline technique

Answer 31

Technique involving threatening to withdraw love and support. Relies on child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to parents

Question 32

Downside of psychological control