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Child Dev > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Are fatal diseases rare or common during middle childhood?

A

Rare. Most fatal diseases and accidents occur before age 7

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2
Q

Does the rate of growth slow or increase during middle childhood (ages 6-11)?

A

Slows down
Muscles become stronger and lung capacity increases

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3
Q

What makes middle childhood one of the healthiest and happiest periods of the lifespan?

A

Ability to provide self-care and increased brain maturation
Ex: Brushing teeth, making lunch, dressing self, walking to school

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4
Q

Biggest influence on children’s health habits?

A

Parent example. (Social learning theory). If children see parents care for their own health, children will likely do the same
Note: Childhood stress, diet, and health habits affect physical and mental health in adulthood

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5
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Human thoughts are affected by body health, comfort, position. This is a newer concept in psychology. A well-functioning body helps kids think

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6
Q

Benefits of physical activity in childhood

A

Better overall health, less obesity, reduces depression, and improves academic achievement

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7
Q

How does reaction time change in middle childhood? What causes it?

A

It decreases. It takes LESS time for children to react
Caused by increased myelination.

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8
Q

Reaction time definition

A

The time it takes to respond to a stimulus physically or cognitively

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9
Q

Selective attention
How does it change in middle childhood?

A

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
Improves during middle childhood. Its important for school, team sports, etc

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10
Q

How has modern life reduced neighborhood play?

A

Fewer open spaces
Stranger danger
Smaller backyards
Homework
Indoor activities like TV and Videojuegos

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11
Q

Are children getting more or less exercise in school?

A

The trends say less time for exercise in school

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12
Q

Recess stats

A

1/3 of U.S. children have less than 15 minutes of recess each day. This may reduce children’s mastery of reading and math

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13
Q

What percentage of children have a chronic illness?

A

40% of all children have a chronic health condition. Some get worse during middle childhood. It can limit active play and impede regular school attendance

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14
Q

Main causes of overweight and obesity in children?

A

32% of children and adolescents in the U.S. are overweight.
Causes: Heredity,
Parenting practices (how much play is aloud, how long were they breastfed,
Social influences (school lunch quality, park availability)

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15
Q

What do rates of obesity correlate with?

A

Exposure to advertising. They try to persuade parents to buy unhealthy food.
Obesity causes more deaths worldwide than malnutrition (undernutrition)

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16
Q

What is asthma? Causes?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes breathing difficult.
Over 16% of children have been diagnosed with asthma at some point
Causes: Epigenetic (nature+nurture) causes
Genetics, Air pollution, Carpets, Pets, Allergens (dust, mold), Hygiene hypothesis

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17
Q

Hygiene hypothesis

A

A lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents increases susceptibility to allergic diseases by suppressing the natural development of the immune system.

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18
Q

Developmental psychopathology

A

The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders. When something isn’t going exactly as it should.

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19
Q

General principles that guide our understanding of mental health and developmental differences?

A

Abnormality is normal
Disability changes year by year
Disability may be better or worse after puberty

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20
Q

Aptitude test

A

Aptitude: Potential to master a particular skill or body of knowledge.
So, an aptitude test measures potential (of mastery)

21
Q

Achievement test

A

A measurement of what you already know.
Ex: A child development test

22
Q

I.Q.

A

A measure of mental age divided by chronological age. (tests designed to measure intellectual aptitude)

23
Q

Average I.Q. range?

A

85-115

24
Q

Criticisms of I.Q. testing

A

Intellectual potential changes over the lifespan
Does not predict success well
Every test score reflects the culture of the people who write, administer, and take it

25
Q

Flynn Effect

A

There has been a rise in average I.Q. scores in past decades in many nations.

26
Q

Causes of the Flynn Effect?

A

Better access to information
Increased educational opportunities
Increased access for women and minorities
Note: As the causes are achieved, the effect plateaus. Recently, the trend may be moving in the opposite direction.

27
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

The idea that human intelligence is composed of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one.

28
Q

Areas of giftedness according to Gardner’s theory

A

Musical, Existential, Intrapersonal (knowing self), Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic (movement), Naturalistic (understanding of nature)

29
Q

Are brain scans an effective way to measure aptitude or disability?
Why or why not?

A

Nope. Although, they can help indicate ADHD and ADD
Brain development depends on experiences. The brain changes throughout time. Normal variations in brain patterns make diagnosis difficult.
Note: Brain plasticity in childhood suggests that abnormal patterns can improve with interventions

30
Q

Multifinality

A

One cause can have many final manifestations

31
Q

Equifinality

A

One symptom can have many causes

Turn off lights, reduce sounds = sleep

32
Q

Common Special Needs

A

Anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder, clinical depression, Down Syndrome

33
Q

Basic characteristics of special needs children

A

Clumsiness, impulsiveness, slowness

34
Q

ADHD

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments
Inattentive, impulsive, overactive

35
Q

ADHD causes

A

Slow developing pre-frontal cortex,
Overactive limbic system
food additives and dyes, MSG, chemical sensitivities
Healthy and unhealthy fats and foods (myelination)
Screen time? Culture?

36
Q

Comorbidity

A

The presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time

37
Q

Specific Learning disorder

A

Problems in both perception and processing of information (causing low achievement in reading, math, or writing (including spelling).

dyslexia, discalculia…

38
Q

What is dyscalculia

A

Unusual difficulty conceptualizing numbers
Ex: No idea how to approximate quantities

39
Q

Dyslexia

A

Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological development

40
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally. At least every 1/36 people are on the autism spectrum.

41
Q

Signs of Autism spectrum disorder

A

Extreme self-absorption
Inability to acquire normal speech
Inadequate social skills
Abnormal play

42
Q

High functioning autism

A

Autism spectrum disorder without language or intellectual impairment.
Unusually intelligent in specific areas, impaired social interaction

43
Q

Other signs of an autism spectrum disorder?

A

No social smile, no “pointer” finger, delayed motor skills, delayed speech, unusual play (lining things up). Tippy toe walking, exaggerated responses to environmental stimuli/sensory disorders
Autism is likely caused by a genetic predisposition plus an environmental trigger (teratogen).

44
Q

LRE

A

Least restrictive environment. Mandated by law in 1975

45
Q

IEP

A

Individualized education plan

46
Q

RTI

A

Response to intervention:
All children are taught, then tested
Children who don’t meet proficiency are provided with additional practice and individualized teaching within the class
Those children are re-tested.
Process is repeated until proficiency is met

47
Q

Inclusion

A

An approach to educating children with special needs in which they are included in regular classrooms, with appropriate aids and services

48
Q

Why is early intervention important?

A

Diagnosis and intervention often occur too late, if at all
Early intervention can result in full discovery/recovery (?)
Plasticity of the brain and behavior is especially evident with special needs children

49
Q

Acceleration

A

Educating gifted children alongside other children of the same mental, not chronological, age

Child Dev (12 decks)

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