Chapter 8

Question 1

Primary reinforcer

Answer 1

A consequence that functions as a reinforcer because it is important in sustaining the life of the individual or the continuation of the species

Question 2

Conditioned reinforcers

Answer 2

Consequences that function as reinforcers only after learning occurs

Question 3

Token economy

Answer 3

A set of rules governing the delivery of response-contingent conditioned reinforcers (tokens, points, etc) that may be later exchanged for one or more backup reinforcers

Question 4

Backup reinforcer

Answer 4

The reinforcer provided after the conditioned reinforcer signals the delay reduction to its delivery

Question 5

Natural selection has prepared us to find some consequences reinforcing. We refer to such consequences as ________________ reinforcers.

Answer 5

Primary

Question 6

__________________ reinforcers are those that will not reinforce behavior until the individual has learned that the consequence signals a delay reduction to a backup reinforcer.

Answer 6

Conditioned

Question 7

The learning that must occur before a conditioned reinforcer will function as a reinforcer is _________________ conditioning.

Answer 7

Pavlovian

Question 8

When it comes to conditioned reinforcers, verbally capable humans have an advantage over nonverbal organisms. Instead of learning the Pavlovian CS (conditioned reinforcer) → US (__________ reinforcer) relation, someone can simply verbally describe this contingency.

Answer 8

Backup

Question 9

The _________________ _________________ is one of the most widely used conditioned-reinforcement technologies in applied behavior analysis. Points, tokens, tickets, and so on are provided immediately upon the desired behavior and are later exchanged for backup reinforcers.

Answer 9

Token economy

Question 10

Real and fictional schools use a version of the token economy known as the ___________ ______________ Game to encourage desirable student behavior.

Answer 10

Good Behavior

Question 11

Shaping

Answer 11

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior

Question 12

Flow

Answer 12

A state in which one feels immersed in a rewarding activity and in which we lose track of time and self

Question 13

Shaping involves the _______________ reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior.

Answer 13

Differential

Question 14

Recalling from Chapter 7, when we differentially reinforce behavior, we will ___________________ a desired behavior and __________________ another, previously reinforced behavior. A

Answer 14

Reinforce
Extinguish

Question 15

Within this definition of shaping, the ______________ behavior refers to the ultimate goal – where we ultimately want the behavior to stabilize, at an adaptive level, for example, zero cigarettes smoked per day.

Answer 15

Terminal

Question 16

When shaping is done right, the individual who is acquiring new skills, or perfecting old ones, can experience a state of ________. In this state, the individual is so into the task that they lose all sense of time, and all sense of self.

Answer 16

Flow

Question 17

The third principle of effective shaping is very important in achieving that sense of flow. The reinforcement contingency should require a response that is neither too ______, nor too ____________. It should fall in the so-called Goldilocks zone.

Answer 17

Easy
Difficult

Question 18

According to shaping principle 5, a well-designed video game will not let the player advance to a higher level until they have _________________ the skill being taught at the lower level. Letting the player advance too quickly sets them up for failure – operant extinction.

Answer 18

Mastered

Question 19

Percentile schedule of reinforcement

Answer 19

A simple automated training technique incorporating the six principles of effective shaping