Chapter 2 Flashcards
Variables
Things that are not the same each time; Things that can be changed
Dependent variable
The objectively measured target behavior
Functional behavior
Includes all of those things that, if changed, will systematically and reliably influence behavior
Two broad categories of functional variables
1) Biological variables (genetics, brain chemistry)
2) environmental variables (those things we experience through our senses)
Independent variable
A variable that is manipulated in an experiment
When is an independent variable considered a functional variable?
When changing the independent variable produces a systematic and replicable change in behavior
Three components of a behavioral experiment
1) the dependent variable is behavior
2) falsifiable hypothesis
Manipulation of the independent variable
_______ are things that are not the same each time.
Variables
When a functional variable is changed, it systematically influences _______.
Behavior
_______ does not imply causation.
Correlation
A public ally observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way is the definition of an _______ _______.
Independent variable
Three components of a behavioral experiment are (1) the _______ variable is behavior, (2) the experiment is designed to evaluate a _______ hypothesis, and (3) the hypothesis is evaluated by manipulating the _______ variable.
1) dependent
2) falsifiable
3) independent
In behavior analysis, the dependent variable is always _______.
Behavior
Self-reports
Asks the individual to recall if they have engaged in the behavior
Direct observation
Behavior is recorded as the behavior occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior is recorded at a later time.
Behavioral definition
Precise specification of the topography of the target behavior, allowing observers to reliably identify instances and non-instances
Social validity
The consumer of the intervention or an expert in the field indicates that the behavioral definition accurately reflects the behavior of interest
Interobserver agreement (IOA)
The extent to which two independent observers’ data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time
IOA formula
Agreements /(Agreements+Disagreements) x 100
IOA acceptable / unacceptable levels
Acceptable >= 90%
Behavior analysts approach the use of _______-_______ measures with caution.
Self-reports
Two potential problems with self-reports are that (i) people do not always tell the _______, particularly when doing so would make them look bad, and (ii) people often cannot _______ their own behavior very well.
i) Truth
ii) Recall (remember)
The alternative to self-reports is _______ _______ of behavior. Here, behavior is recorded as the behavior occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior is measured at a later time.
Direct observation
A behavioral _______ provides a very specific description of the target behavior
Definition
The behavior analyst asked the patients’ parents and physician to approve the behavioral definition before the experiment began. If both of these stakeholders approve the definition, it has _______ _______. If the intervention positively influences this behavior, the parents and physician will be pleased with the outcome.
Social validity
IOA stands for _______-_______ agreement
Inter-observer
Insert the missing information:
IOA= ______________________ x 100
Agreements
____________________
(Agreements + Disagreements)
IOA is defined as the extent in which two _______ observers’ data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time.
Independent
If IOA is less than _______%, then the observers will need further training, or the behavioral definition will need to be refined.
90
IOA does not assess the _______ of the data collected; nor does it assess its reliability. Instead, high IOA enhances the _________ of the data.
Accuracy
Believability
Reactivity
Behavior changes because the individual is aware they are being watched
Outcome recording
Record the distinct, observable, and lasting product(s) of behavior, instead of the behavior itself
Event recording
Each instance of behavior is recorded at the moment it occurs
Partial-interval recording
Direct-observation method used to estimate how frequently behavior occurs
Observers record whether or not the behavior occurs during any portion of each in a series of contiguous intervals
Behavior occurs at any time during the interval
Whole-interval recording
A direct-observation method used to estimate how frequently behavior occurs
Observers record whether or not the behavior occurs throughout each in a series of contiguous intervals
Behavior must occur throughout the entire interval
Duration recoding
Direct-observation method used when measuring either the latency or duration of a target behavior
_______ occurs when people behave differently because they know they are being observed.
Reactivity
When the target behavior leaves behind a distinct, observable, and lasting product, then a cost-efficient way to measure behavior is to use _______ recording.
Outcome
Two observers are independently recoding Travis’ behavior. Each time the observers observe Travis engage in the target behavior they increment a counter. The observers are using _______ recording to directly observe Travis’ behavior.
Event
The restaurant manager counted the number of salt shakers that Jaime filled 20 minutes ago, before she went home for the night. The manager is using _______ recording to directly observe Jamie’s behavior.
Outcome
Finn wants to record his exercising behavior. He could Krause the duration is his exercising sessions, but he knows that sometimes his sessions are longer because he takes a lot of breaks and chats with the employees at the gym. Instead, he decides to simply count the number of times he lifts the weights (number of reps). Finn has decided to use _______ recording.
Event
When interested in the frequency of a behavior that leaves behind no distinct, observable, and lasting product, you will use _______ recording if the behavior takes about the same duration each time (like a weight-lifting rep), and either _______-interval or _______-interval recording if the duration of the behavior varies from instance to instance.
Event
Partial
Whole
If you are estimating how often behavior occurs by recording whether or not it occurs at any time in a series of contiguous intervals, then you are using _______-_______ recording.
Partial-interval
Imagine that the target behavior occurs three times during a 30-second observation interval. When using partial-interval recording, how will you record this?
a) Record three instances of behavior.
b) Indicate the behavior occurred during the interval.
c) Indicate that behavior did not occur throughout the interval.
b) Indicate the behavior occurred during the interval.
If the direct observers agree about 27 of their recorded behaviors, but disagree about 3 of them, what is their IOA?
90%
When the direct observers objectively record how long it takes to complete the behavior, they are using _______ recording.
Duration
