Chapter 8

Question 1

preoperational thought

Answer 1

Thought characterized by the use of mental representations (symbols) and intuitive thought.

Question 2

operations

Answer 2

Logical processes that can be reversed.

Question 3

egocentrism

Answer 3

The child’s inability to take another person’s perspective.

Question 4

intuitive thought

Answer 4

Thought and logic that is based on a child’s personal experience rather than on a formal system of rules.

Question 5

animism

Answer 5

That idea that inanimate objects have a conscious life and feelings.

Question 6

artificialism

Answer 6

The notion that natural events or objects are under the control of people or of superhuman agents.

Question 7

conservation

Answer 7

The understanding that some basic properties or objects remain the same even when a transformation changes the physical appearance.

Question 8

centration

Answer 8

The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at a time instead taking several aspects into consideration.

Question 9

static endpoints

Answer 9

Children on the static endpoints of the transformation (how things look before and after) rather than considering what happened in the transformation itself. Children look at the beginning state, then at the ending state, and they conclude that the higher level must have more. They fail to consider the transformation itself.

Question 10

reversibility

Answer 10

Children do not imagine what would happen if they reversed the transformation; they don’t visualize pouring the liquid back into its individual container to demonstrate that the amount would still be the same. Remember, their thought is preoperational at this stage.

Question 11

social speech

Answer 11

Speech that we hear as people talk around us or to us.

Question 12

private speech

Answer 12

Speech that children say aloud to themselves; later internalized to form inner speech and mental activity.

Question 13

internalization

Answer 13

The process of taking external speech and activity and making it internal and mental.

Question 14

mediation

Answer 14

The process adults and more skilled peers use to introduce concepts and cognitive structures to less skilled children.

Question 15

zone of proximal development

Answer 15

The distance between the current maximum independent performance level of a child and the tasks the child can perform if guided by adults or more capable peers.

Question 16

scaffolding

Answer 16

Support given to a child as he or she develops a new mental function or learns to perform a particular task.

Question 17

collaborative learning

Answer 17

Process where children work together to help one another solve problems, share their knowledge and skills, and discuss their strategies and skills.

Question 18

processing capacity

Answer 18

The amount of information a person can remember or think about at one time.

Question 19

processing efficiency

Answer 19

The speed and accuracy with which a person can process information.

Question 20

automaticity

Answer 20

The ability to carry out a process with little or no conscious effort, leaving more cognitive capacity to carry out other attacks.

Question 21

attention

Answer 21

The ability to focus on a particular stimulus without becoming distracted by other stimuli.

Question 22

metacognition

Answer 22

The understanding or knowledge that people have about their own thought process.

Question 23

theory of mind

Answer 23

An integrated understanding of what the mind is, how it works, and why it works that way.

Question 24

mirror neurons

Answer 24

Neurons that fire when an individual produces an action and when the individual observes someone else making the action; the neurons “mirror” the behavior of someone else.

Question 25

overregulirization

Answer 25

Incorrect application of the linguistic rules for producing past tenses and plurals, resulting in incorrect forms of irregular words such as “goed” or “deers.”

Question 26

social rules of disclosure

Answer 26

Conversations that speaks of a language follow when having a conversation.

Question 27

bilingual

Answer 27

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Question 28

Project Head Start

Answer 28

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Question 29

Abcederation Project

Answer 29

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Question 30

High/Scope Perry Preeschool Program

Answer 30

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