Chapter 6

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

An emotional tie to a specific other person or people that endures across time and space.

Question 2

Contact comfort

Answer 2

The comfortable feeling that infants gain by clinging to a soft attachment figure.

Question 3

Strange situation

Answer 3

A structured laboratory procedure that is used to observe attachment behavior in human infants.

Question 4

Stranger anxiety

Answer 4

Wariness or fear of unfamiliar adults.

Question 5

Separation anxiety

Answer 5

Distress infants experience when separated from their primary caregivers.

Question 6

Secure attachment

Answer 6

In Ainsworth’s classification system, the healthy type of attachment between and infant and a caregiver. It is indicated when the infant seeks contact with a caregiver, clings, and is soothed by the caregiver and when the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base for exploring unfamiliar environments.

Question 7

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 7

Unhealthy type of attachment that is indicated when infants do not use their caregivers as a safe base for exploring unfamiliar environments, do not prefer the caregiver over unfamiliar adults, and are not visibly distressed by separation. Infants ignore or avoid their caregivers when reunited after separation.

Question 8

Insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 8

Unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seek the proximity of their caregiver but do not seem to gain comfort from the contact.

Question 9

Insecure-disorganized (or disoriented) attachment

Answer 9

Unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem confused or dazed or show contradictory behaviors in the “strange situation”.

Question 10

Sensitive responsiveness

Answer 10

A quality of infant care in which caregivers respond quickly and warmly to the baby’s signals and adjust their responses to allow the infant to direct some of the interactions.

Question 11

Temperament

Answer 11

The infant or child’s behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to the environment.

Question 12

Easy temperament

Answer 12

Temperament in which a child is primarily positive, smiles easily, is adaptive and flexible, and has regular patterns of eating and sleeping.

Question 13

Difficult temperament

Answer 13

Temperament in which a child is frequently negative, is easily frustrated, withdraws from new situations, is slow to adapt to change, and shows irregular patterns of eating and sleeping.

Question 14

Slow-to-warm-up temperament

Answer 14

Temperament in which a child shows mildly negative responses to new stimuli and situations but with repeated exposure gradually develops a quiet and positive interest.

Question 15

Goodness of fit

Answer 15

The degree to which the child’s temperament and environment are compatible or complimentary, leading to better developmental outcomes.

Question 16

Emotion contagion

Answer 16

The tendency of the emotional cues displayed by one person to generate similar cues or emotional states in other people.

Question 17

Social referencing

Answer 17

The tendency of infants and children to look emotional cues form parents and other caregivers to get information in uncertain situations.

Question 18

Mutual gaze

Answer 18

Intense eye contact between two people, and when young infants stare at each other.

Question 19

Sensorimotor play

Answer 19

Play that evolves mostly around the practice of sensory activity and the development of new motor actions.

Question 20

Coordinated imitation

Answer 20

Interaction in which toddler playmates takes turns imitating each other and are aware that they are being imitated.

Question 21

Symbolic play

Answer 21

Play in which children use make-believe and pretend to embellish objects and actions.