Chapter 3 Flashcards
Prenatal development
Development of the organism that occurs before its birth.
Conception
The process of fertilization where a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to create a new organism.
Ovulation
Release of an egg from the female ovary.
Differentiation
Process that occurs during cell division in which each new cell, as it divides, is commited to becoming a particular structure and serving a particular function.
Germinal Stage
The first stage of prenatal development, from coception through 2 weeks.
Embryonic stage
The second stage of prenatal development, weeks 3 through 8. The embryo forms tissue representing every system and major part of the body.
Fetal stage
The third and final stage of prenatal development, lasting from 8 weeks after contraception untill birth.
Implantation
Process in which the zygote embeds itsself into the inner lining of the mother uterus.
Miscarrage
Naturally occuring loss of pregnancy during the first 20 weeks of gestation.
Cephalocadual pattern
Pattern of growth where areas in the head and upper body tend to form and grow before the areas in the lower body grow.
Stillbirth
Naturally occuring los of pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation.
Proxidismal pattern
Pattern of growth where areas closer to the center of the body tend to form and grow before the area towards the extremities grow.
Critical patterns
Segments of time when structures are first forming and are most vunerable to damage.
Oragnogenesis
Organ formation; process where each major organ and system in the body differentiates within the embryo.
Fetal stage
The third and final stage of prenatal development, lasting from 8 weeks after contraception until birth.
Teratogen
Any substance or condition that might disrupt prenatal development and cause birth defects.
Premature
Refers to babies who are born earlier or smaller than average.
Preterm birth
Births that occur before 37 weeks of gestation.
Low birth weight
Weight less than 5.5 pounds at birth.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
A syndrome of birth defects caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Includes growth defincies, head and facial malformation, and CNS dysfunction.
Fetal alcohol effects
Individual or multiple birth defects caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Lowered IQ, hyperactivity, growth deficiencies, and physical malformations can exsist alone or in combinations but not in a way that indicates FAS>
Dilation
The gradual opening of the cervix caused by labor contractions during the first stage of birth.
Afterbirth
The third and last stage of birth, in which the placenta and other membranes are delivered through the canal.
Prepared Childbirth
Classes or training that typically provides education about labor and delivery, selective relaxation and controlled breathing, and the help of a labor coach to help mothers with childbirth.
Malpresentation
Improper positioning of the fetus in the mother’s uterus.
Fetal distress
A condition that indicates that the fetus is at risk; usually includes a sudden lack of oxygen, a change in fetal heart rate, and/or a change in respiration.
Apgar test
A brief assessment of the newborn conducted at 1 and 5 minutes after birth; used to identify newborns who are at risk and need medical attention.
