Chapter 12 Flashcards
social comparison
The process in which children compare their own qualities and performances to those of their peers.
self-representations
The ways people describe themselves; also called self-concepts.
self-evaluations
The judgments people make about themselves.
self-esteem
The emotions people feel about themselves.
relational aggression
Withdrawing friendship or otherwise disrupting or threatening social relationships as a way to hurt other people.
prosocial reasoning
How children think about helping others, including their reasons for deciding whether to help another person.
conduct problems
A general category of rule-breaking behaviors.
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
A conduct problem involving repetitive pattern of defiance, disobedience, and hostility toward authority figures.
conduct disorder (CD)
A conduct problem involving consistent violations of other people’s basic rights or the breaking of major social rules.
resilient children
Children who succeed, achieve, or otherwise have positive developmental outcomes despite growing up under negative conditions.
parentification
Role reversal in which a child assumes responsibilities usually taken care of by parents.
sleeper effect (of divorce)
Subtle effects of divorce that may not become apparent until children reach adolescence or young adulthood and have difficulty forming intimate and stable relationships.
divorce-stress-adjustment perspective
A model used to understand divorce outcomes; emphasized that certain characteristics of parents ( ex. abusiveness ) rather than the divorce itself douse children’s negative outcomes.
peer nomination technique
A polling technique used to identify categories of popular and unpopular children.
popular children
Children whom a large number of peers have chosen as classmates they “like best.”
rejected children
Children who are actively disliked; a large number of peers chafe chosen them as classmates they “least like.”
controversial children
Children who receive large numbers of both “like best” and “like least” nominations.
average children
Children who revive moderate numbers of both “like best” and “like least” nominations.
neglected children
Children who have very few peers who like them best or least.
social cognition model
A model that explains how different children perceive, interpret, and respond to information in social settings.
achievement motivation
The degree to which a person chooses to engage in and keep trying to accomplish challenging tasks.
attributions
Individuals’ beliefs about why they or others succeed or fail.
mastery orientation
The tendency to attribute success to internal and controllable factors such as hard work and ability, and to attribute failure to controllable or challengeable factors such as effort, strategy, or task difficulty.
helpless orientation
The tendency to attribute success to external and uncontrollable factors such as luck, and to attribute failure to internal and stable factors such as lack of ability.
