CHAPTER 8 Flashcards
Conformity
“peer pressure”, tendency for people to bring behaviour to line with group norms. Powerful.
2 reasons why you’d conform:
o 1) Informative influence: look to group for guidance when you don’t know what to do, and ask what to do.
o 2) Normative influence: even if you know what’s right, do what group does to avoid social rejection.
Social action
actions and behavior that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around
Social facilitation
People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
being in the presence of others will significaly raise arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law affects on simple and complex tasks
enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple)
hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)
Deindividuation
individuals in group settings can have behavior that is dramatically different in social enviroments
antinormative behaviour
behavior against the norm
bystander effect
individuals are less likely to intervene to help victims when others are present
Social loafing
tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in group setting than individually
Peer pressure
social influence placed on a individual by a group of people or another individual
Identity shift effect
individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection
- often conform to the norms of the group
cognitive dissonance
simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions
social interaction
explores the way in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior
Group polarization
the tendency for groups to make decision that are more extreme than the individuals idea and inclinations of the members within the group
risky shift
groups tended to make riskier decisions than individuals
Group think
refers to the desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
Group think decision
consensus decisions are reached without alternatic ideas being assesed
Janis eight factors
Illusion of invulnerability collective rationalization pressure for conformity Illusion of morality excessive stereotyping self-censorship illusion of unanimity mindgaurds
Illusion of invulnerability
the creation of optimism and encouragemnet of risk taking
collective rationalization
ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group
pressure for conformity
the presure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
excessive stereotyping
the construction of stereotypes against outside opinions
self-censorship
the withholding of opposing views
illusion of unanimity
the false sense of agreement withiin the group
mindgaurds
the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
Illusion of morality
the belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct
Fad
behaviour that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community
mass hysteria
shared, intense concern about the threat to society
Culture
beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
culture shock
travelinng outside one’s own society, these cultural differences can seem quite dramatic
Cultural assimilation
process by which an individual;s or groups behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group
integrates new apsects of soceity and culture with old ones
Ethnic enclaves
locations with a high concentration of one specific
Assimilation
usually uneven
mergin of cultures
Multiculturalism
celebration of coexisting cultures
multiple cultures in a community or society
Subcultures
group of people within a culture that distinguis themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
counterculture
subculture group that gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture
opposes norms
socialization
the process of developing, inheriting and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
cultural transmission
the manner in which a society socializes its members
cultural diffusion
spread of norms, customs, and beliefs throughout the culture
primary socialization
occurs during childhood when we intially learn acceptable actions and attitudes (home)
Secondary socialization
process of learning appropriate behavior within small sections of the larger society
Anticipatory socialization
process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupation, living, or relationships
Resocialization
process by which one discards old behaviours in favour of new ones to make new life change
norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
Mores
widely observed social norms
sanctions
penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior
taboo
socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible
folkways
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions
Agents of socialization
combination of social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization
deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society
social stigma
extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
labeling theory
posits that the label fiven to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self-image
differential association theory
deviance can be learned through interactions with others
strain theory
attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure
conformity
matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to social norms
normative conformity
desire to fir into a group due to fear of rejection
internalization
changings one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
identification
refers to the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking there ideas
compliance
change in behavior based on a direct request
foot-in-the-door technique
small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made
door-in-the-face technique
when a large request is made at first and if refused a second, smaller request is made
lowball technique
the requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment
that’s-not-all technique
individual is made an offer, but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected
obediance
changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure
Social cognition
focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
attitude
expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing, or scenario
three components of attitude
affective
behavioural
cognitive
affective aspect of attitude
way a person feels toward something, and is the emotional component of attitude
behavioural aspect of attitude
way a person acts with respect to something
cognitive aspect of attitude
way and individual thinks about something, which is usually the justification for the other two components
functional attitudes thoery
attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense
knowledge attitudes
important in that it provides consistency and stability
ego expressive attitudes
allowing us to communicate and solidary our self-identity
adaptive attitude
the idea that one will be accepted if socialy acceptable attitudes are expressed
ego-defensive attitudes
if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
Learning theory
posits that attitudes are developed thorugh different forms of learning
elaboration likelihood model
describes the change in attitude
central route processing
elaborate extensivelyp those who think deeply about information, scruitinize its meaning and purpose and draw conclusions
peripheral route processing
do not elaborate, focusing on superficial details: the appearance of the person delivery the argument, catchphase, and slogans, crediability
Social cognitive theory
postulates that peopl learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing others
Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Behavioral factors
personal factors
enviromental factors
