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MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES > CHAPTER 8 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 8 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Conformity

A

“peer pressure”, tendency for people to bring behaviour to line with group norms. Powerful.

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2
Q

2 reasons why you’d conform:

A

o 1) Informative influence: look to group for guidance when you don’t know what to do, and ask what to do.
o 2) Normative influence: even if you know what’s right, do what group does to avoid social rejection.

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3
Q

Social action

A

actions and behavior that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

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4
Q

Social facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

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5
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

being in the presence of others will significaly raise arousal

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6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law affects on simple and complex tasks

A

enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple)

hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

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7
Q

Deindividuation

A

individuals in group settings can have behavior that is dramatically different in social enviroments

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8
Q

antinormative behaviour

A

behavior against the norm

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9
Q

bystander effect

A

individuals are less likely to intervene to help victims when others are present

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10
Q

Social loafing

A

tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in group setting than individually

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11
Q

Peer pressure

A

social influence placed on a individual by a group of people or another individual

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12
Q

Identity shift effect

A

individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection
- often conform to the norms of the group

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13
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

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14
Q

social interaction

A

explores the way in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

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15
Q

Group polarization

A

the tendency for groups to make decision that are more extreme than the individuals idea and inclinations of the members within the group

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16
Q

risky shift

A

groups tended to make riskier decisions than individuals

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17
Q

Group think

A

refers to the desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

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18
Q

Group think decision

A

consensus decisions are reached without alternatic ideas being assesed

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19
Q

Janis eight factors

A 
Illusion of invulnerability
collective rationalization
pressure for conformity
Illusion of morality
excessive stereotyping
self-censorship
illusion of unanimity
mindgaurds
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20
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

the creation of optimism and encouragemnet of risk taking

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21
Q

collective rationalization

A

ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

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22
Q

pressure for conformity

A

the presure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal

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23
Q

excessive stereotyping

A

the construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

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24
Q

self-censorship

A

the withholding of opposing views

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25
Q

illusion of unanimity

A

the false sense of agreement withiin the group

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26
Q

mindgaurds

A

the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

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27
Q

Illusion of morality

A

the belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

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28
Q

Fad

A

behaviour that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community

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29
Q

mass hysteria

A

shared, intense concern about the threat to society

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30
Q

Culture

A

beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

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31
Q

culture shock

A

travelinng outside one’s own society, these cultural differences can seem quite dramatic

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32
Q

Cultural assimilation

A

process by which an individual;s or groups behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

integrates new apsects of soceity and culture with old ones

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33
Q

Ethnic enclaves

A

locations with a high concentration of one specific

34
Q

Assimilation

A

usually uneven

mergin of cultures

35
Q

Multiculturalism

A

celebration of coexisting cultures

multiple cultures in a community or society

36
Q

Subcultures

A

group of people within a culture that distinguis themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

37
Q

counterculture

A

subculture group that gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture

opposes norms

38
Q

socialization

A

the process of developing, inheriting and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

39
Q

cultural transmission

A

the manner in which a society socializes its members

40
Q

cultural diffusion

A

spread of norms, customs, and beliefs throughout the culture

41
Q

primary socialization

A

occurs during childhood when we intially learn acceptable actions and attitudes (home)

42
Q

Secondary socialization

A

process of learning appropriate behavior within small sections of the larger society

43
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupation, living, or relationships

44
Q

Resocialization

A

process by which one discards old behaviours in favour of new ones to make new life change

45
Q

norms

A

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

46
Q

Mores

A

widely observed social norms

47
Q

sanctions

A

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior

48
Q

taboo

A

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

49
Q

folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions

50
Q

Agents of socialization

A

combination of social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization

51
Q

deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society

52
Q

social stigma

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

53
Q

labeling theory

A

posits that the label fiven to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self-image

54
Q

differential association theory

A

deviance can be learned through interactions with others

55
Q

strain theory

A

attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

56
Q

conformity

A

matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to social norms

57
Q

normative conformity

A

desire to fir into a group due to fear of rejection

58
Q

internalization

A

changings one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

59
Q

identification

A

refers to the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking there ideas

60
Q

compliance

A

change in behavior based on a direct request

61
Q

foot-in-the-door technique

A

small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

62
Q

door-in-the-face technique

A

when a large request is made at first and if refused a second, smaller request is made

63
Q

lowball technique

A

the requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment

64
Q

that’s-not-all technique

A

individual is made an offer, but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected

65
Q

obediance

A

changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure

66
Q

Social cognition

A

focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

67
Q

attitude

A

expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing, or scenario

68
Q

three components of attitude

A

affective
behavioural
cognitive

69
Q

affective aspect of attitude

A

way a person feels toward something, and is the emotional component of attitude

70
Q

behavioural aspect of attitude

A

way a person acts with respect to something

71
Q

cognitive aspect of attitude

A

way and individual thinks about something, which is usually the justification for the other two components

72
Q

functional attitudes thoery

A

attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense

73
Q

knowledge attitudes

A

important in that it provides consistency and stability

74
Q

ego expressive attitudes

A

allowing us to communicate and solidary our self-identity

75
Q

adaptive attitude

A

the idea that one will be accepted if socialy acceptable attitudes are expressed

76
Q

ego-defensive attitudes

A

if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong

77
Q

Learning theory

A

posits that attitudes are developed thorugh different forms of learning

78
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

describes the change in attitude

79
Q

central route processing

A

elaborate extensivelyp those who think deeply about information, scruitinize its meaning and purpose and draw conclusions

80
Q

peripheral route processing

A

do not elaborate, focusing on superficial details: the appearance of the person delivery the argument, catchphase, and slogans, crediability

81
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

postulates that peopl learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing others

82
Q

Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Causation

A

Behavioral factors
personal factors
enviromental factors

MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES (10 decks)

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