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MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES > CHAPTER 5 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Motivation

A

purpose or driving force behind our actions

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2
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

reward-driven behaviour

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3
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

the motivation that comes from within oneself

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4
Q

Instinct theory of motivation

A

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts

by William McDougall

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5
Q

What parts of the brain does arousal involve?

A

brainstem, ANS, endocrine system

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6
Q

Arousal theory

A

people perform actions in order to amintain an optimal level of arousal

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

a U shaped function between the level of arousal and performance

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8
Q

Drives

A

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

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9
Q

Primary drives

A

include the need for food, water, warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

regulation of the internal enviroment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions.

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11
Q

What controls homeostasis

A

negative feedback loops

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12
Q

Secondary drives

A

not related to biological processes

ie becoming a doctor

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13
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

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14
Q

Needs

A

motivators that influence human behavior

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15
Q

Maslow;s heirachy of needs

A

must meet the needs of lower levels in order to be motivated for higher needs

highest 
- self actualization
- esteem
- love/belongning
- safety
- physiological
lowest
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16
Q

Self-determinination thoery

A

role of three universal needs

  • autonomy, the need to be in control of onces actions and ideas;
  • competence, the need to complete and excel at different tasks
  • relatedness, the need to fell accepted and wanted in relationships
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17
Q

four primary factors that influence motivation

A

arousal, drives, needs, instincts

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18
Q

Incentive theory

A

behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

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19
Q

Expectancy value theory

A

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the infivuals expectations of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal

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20
Q

opponent- process theory

A

for motivation is often used when speaking of addictive behaviors. Certain emotional states are followed by another emotional state that is opposite of the first. As time goes on, the second emotional state becomes stronger than the first.

explains when a drug is taken repeatly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physology

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21
Q

opponent- process theory common example

A

drugs and withdrawal symptoms and tolerance

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22
Q

tolerance

A

decrease in perceiveed drug effect over time

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23
Q

Sexual motivation

A

related to hormones as well as cultural and social factors

24
Q

Emotion

A

state of mind or feeling that is subjectively experience based on circumstances, mood, and relationships

25
Q

Three components of emotion

A

cognitive, behavioural, physiological

26
Q

emotion physiological response

A

changes in autonomic nervous system

27
Q

emotion cognitive response

A

subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced

28
Q

emotion behavioural response

A

facial expressions and body language

29
Q

Seven universal facial expressions

A

Happy, Sad, Content, Suprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger

30
Q

James-Lange Theory

  • First response
  • Second response
A
  • First response: Nervous system arousal

- Second response: conscious emotion

31
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

  • First response
  • Second response
A
  • First response: Nervous system arousal + conscious emotion

- Second response: Action

32
Q

Schachter-singer Theory

  • First response
  • Second response
A
  • First response: Nervous system arousal + cognitive appraisal
  • Second response: conscious emotion
33
Q

Motivation and Emotion system

A

limbic system

34
Q

limbic system parts

A

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebal cortex

35
Q

amygdala

A

attnetion and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

36
Q

thalamus

A

sensory processing station

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

38
Q

Hippocampus

A

creates long term explicit (episodic) memories

39
Q

Emotional memory

A

unconcious inplicit memory

40
Q

Explicit memory system

A

medial temporal lobe

41
Q

implicit memory system

A

amygdala

42
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

planning intricate cognitive functions, making decisions

43
Q

dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

attention and cognition

44
Q

ventral prefrontal cortex

A

conncets with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

45
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

decision making and controlling emotional repsonses from the amygdala

46
Q

Fear and Anger affect on skin temperature

A

decreased

47
Q

Fear and Anger affect on heart rate

A

increased

48
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

49
Q

two stages of the stress appraisal

A

primary and secondary

50
Q

primary appraisal

A

initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat- can be irrelevant, benign positive, or stressful

51
Q

secondary appraisal

A

evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress

52
Q

stressor

A

biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response

53
Q

Common stressors

A

Environmental, Daily events, workplace, social expectations, Chemical and biological stressors

54
Q

Distress

A

occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

55
Q

Eustress

A

positive conditions ie graduating

56
Q

General adaptation syndrome: 3 steps

A
  1. Alarm stage
  2. Resistance stage
  3. Exhaustion stage
57
Q

Stress managemnt techniques

A

psychological, behavioral, and spiritual aspects

MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES (10 decks)

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