Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES > CHAPTER 4 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

how our brains process and react to the informqation

A

cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dual-coding theory

A

both verbal and visual are used to process and store information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Information processing model 4 components

A
  1. Thinking requires sensation, encoding and storage of stimuli
  2. stimuli must be anaylzed by the brain to make a decision
  3. Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems
  4. problem solving is dependent not only on the persons cognitive level, but also on the context and complexity of the problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Development of ones ability to think and solve problems

A

cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 stages of Piagets stages of cognitive developemen

A

sensorimotor
preopertional
concentrete operational
formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years
object permanence
manipulating environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

object permanence

A

objects exist even when out of view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Schema

A

describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is information processed

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

two types of adaptation

A

assimilation and accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

process of classifying new information into existing schemata

A

assimilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

process by which existing schemaa are modfied to encompass their new information

A

accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by chance
ie sucking thumb

A

primary circular reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

manipulation is focused on something outside the body

A

secondary circular reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

objects exist even when out of view

A

object permenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

representational thought

A

child has begun to create mental representations of external objects and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

preopertional stage

A

2-7 years

  • symbolic thinking
  • Egocentrism
  • Centration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

symbolic thinking

A

ability to pretend, play make-believe and have imagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Egocentrism

A

refers to the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Centration

A

the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years
understands conservation and consider the perspectives of others
logical thought
can not think abstractly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The formal operational stage

A

Logic thinking about abstract though

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the child internalization of his or her culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fluid intellifence

A

problem solving

early adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Crystilized intelligence

A

learned skills and knowledge

middle adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dementia

A

impaired memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Delirium

A

rapid flluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and cause by medical causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mental set

A

tendency to approach similar problems in the same way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Functional fixedness

A

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Trial and Error

A

various solutions are tried until one is found that works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Algorithm

A

formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

deriving conclusions from general rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

deriving generalizations from evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Heuristics

A

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Availability heuristic

A

when we try to decide how likely something is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

involves categorizing items on a basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical or representative image of the cateogroy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Base Rate fallacy

A

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

A

Base Rate fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When a potential solution to a problem fails and should be discarded

A

disconfirmation principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Belief perseverance

A

inability to reject a particular belief depsite clear evidence to the contrary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Intuition

A

ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by evidence but that a person “feels” is correct

44
Q

Recognition-primed decision model

A

model of how people make quick, effective decisions when faced with complex situations

45
Q

Emotion

A

the subjective experience of a person’s sitution

46
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

47
Q

One’s level of awareness of the world and one’s existence within that world

A

Consciousness

48
Q

Alertness

A

consiousness in which we are awale and able to think

cortisol levels tend to be higher

49
Q

How is Alertness maintained

A

neurological circuits in the prefrontal cortex which communicate with the reticular formation

50
Q

EEG

A

electrical patterns in brain during sleep

51
Q

Beta wave

A

high frequency when the person is alert and attending to a mental task that requires concentration

52
Q

Alpha wave

A

awake but relaxing with our eyes closed, slower than beta waves

53
Q

Stage 1 waves

A

theta waves

54
Q

theta waves

A

irregular waveforms with slower frequencies and high voltages

55
Q

Stage 2 waves

A

theta waves w/spindles and K complexes

56
Q

Stage 3/4 sleep

A

slow wave sleep
cognitive recovery and memory consolidation
growth hormone release

57
Q

Stage 3/4 waves

A

delta waves

58
Q

delta waves

A

low-frequency high voltage

59
Q

NREM

A

stages 1-4

60
Q

REM

A

arousal levels reach that wakefulness, but muscles are paralyzed
- paradoxical sleep

61
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

daily cycle of waking and sleeping regulated by internally generated rhythms

62
Q

Sleepiness is due to

A

melatonin

63
Q

melatonin

A

seritonin-derived hormone from the pineal gland

64
Q

Cortisol

A

steriod hormone produced in adrenal cortex
related to sleep-wake cycle

light causes release of CRF –> ACTH –> cortisol

65
Q

Dyssomias

A

difficult to fall asleep, stay awake

66
Q

Parasommiaas

A

abnormal movements during sleep

67
Q

Insomnia

A

diffulcult falling asleep

68
Q

Narcolepsy

A

lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep

69
Q

Cataplexy

A

symptom of narcolepsy

loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours

70
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

inability to breathe during sleep

71
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

unable to move despite being awake

72
Q

Night terrors

A

periods of intense anxiety that occur during slow-wave sleep

73
Q

Hypnosis

A

state of consciousness in which individuals appear to be in control but are in a highly suggestible state

74
Q

Meditation

A

quieting of the mind to relief anxiety

75
Q

Depresants

A

reduce nervous system activity

- relaxation and reduced anxiety

76
Q

Alcohol affect on brain

A

increases activitiy of the GABA receptors, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane

increase dopamine levels

77
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

defiecency of thiamine and characterized by severe memory impairment with changes in mental status and loss of motor skills

78
Q

Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

A

increase GABA

anti anxiety medication

79
Q

Stimulants

A

increase in arousal in the nervous system

increase frenecy of AP

80
Q

Amphetamines

A

increased arousal by increasing release of dopamine, NE and serotonin

81
Q

Cocaine

A

dedcreases reuptake of dopamine, NE, E

82
Q

Opiates and Opiods

A

naturally occurring - opiates
semisynthetic compounds- opioids

bind to opioid receptors in PNS and CNS causing decreased reaction to pain and sense of euphoria

83
Q

Hallucinogens

A

distortion of reality and introspection

84
Q

Drug addiction pathway

A

mesolimbic reward pathway

nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and medial forebrain bundle

85
Q

Attention

A

concentrating on one aspect of the sensory enviroment

86
Q

Selective attention

A

focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli

87
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

filter that allows us to focus of one while allowing other stimuli to be processed in the background

  • selective attnetion
88
Q

Divided attention

A

ability to preform multiple tasks agt the same time

89
Q

Components of language

A

phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

90
Q

phonology

A

refers to the actual sound of the speech

91
Q

morphology

A

refers to the building blocks of words

92
Q

semantics

A

refers to the meaning of words

93
Q

syntax

A

refers to the rules dicting word order

94
Q

pragmatics

A

refers to the chnages in language delivery depending on context

95
Q

The nativist biological theory of language

A

langauge aquisitions as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device (LAD_

96
Q

The learning behaviourist theory of language

A

language acquisitions as being controlled by operant conditions and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

97
Q

The social interactionist theory of language

A

language acquisitions as being cause by a motivation to communicate and interact with others

98
Q

Linguistic relativity (whorfian) hypothesis

A

lens through which we view and intrepet the world is created by language

99
Q

Brocos Area

A

located in inferior frontal hyrus of the frontal lobe, controls the motor function of speech via connections with the motor cortex

100
Q

Brocos aphasia

A

reduced or absent ability to produce spoken language

101
Q

Wernikes area

A

superior temporal gyrus of the temperol lobe, responsible for language comprehension

102
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

bundle of axons that allows appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production

103
Q

aphasia

A

deficit of language production or comprehension

104
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

motor production and fluency of speech is retained but speech comprehension is lost

105
Q

conduction aphasia

A

due to Arcuate fasciculus being affected
inability to repeat something that has been said
- rare

106
Q

sleep cycle pathway

A

1-2-3-4-3-2-REM-1

MCAT BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions