CHAPTER 6 Flashcards
Self concept
the sum of the ways in which we describe outselves
Identities
individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong ie religion, sexual orientation
Gender identity
a person’s appraisal of him or herself on scales of masculinity and femininity
Androgyny
very male and female
Undifferentiated
not male or female
Ethnic idenitity
one’s ethnic group in which memebers typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage and langyage
Hierarchy of salience
a framework or organization of an individual’s identities in order of how frequently they are used and how likely they are to be used in a particular situation
Self-discrepancy theory
the theory that we have 3 selves: actual, ideal, ought
actual self
the person we are
ideal self
person we would like to be
ought self
representation of the way others think we should be
Self esteem
decribes our evaluation of ourselves, closer our selfs are together, higher self esteem
self-efficacy
our belief in our ability to succeed
overconfidence
the quality of having an unrealistically high opinion of one’s own judgment, ability, powers
locus of control
the way we characterize the influences in our lives
internal locus of control
controlling own fate
external locus of control
lives are caused by luck and outside influences
Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Freud’s Oral stage
Libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
Freud’s Anal stage
Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness
Freud’s Phallic stage
Oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved during this stage
Freud’s Latency stage
libido is largely sublimated during this stage
Freud’s Genital stage
begins in puberty; if previous stages have been successfully resolved then person will enter into normal heterosexual relationships
Freud’s stages of psychosexual development are based on the
tensions cause by the libido
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development stem from
conflicts that occur throughout life
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development (8)
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority. Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation. Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
- the values gained at each stage (8)
hope will purpose competence fidelity love care wisdom.
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
- ages (8)
stage 1 0-1 stage 2 1-3 stage 3 3-6 stage 4 7-12 stage 5 12-20 stage 6 20-40 stage 7 40-65 stage 8 65+
Preconvential morality
first of Kohlberg stages
is typical of preadolescent htinking and places an emphasis on the consequences of the moral choice
wants to maximize reward and decrease punishment
Preconvential morality stages
obedience
Self intrest
Convential morality
follows the law and will snitch you out if you break the law; teens and most adults
Convential morality stages
conformitity
law and order
Postconvential morality
makes their own morals and does what is right to benefit the most people. Only a select few adults are here
ADULTHOOD
Postconvential morality stages
social contract
universal human ethics
Vygotsky work
focused on understnading cognitive development
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky
refering to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of developmentr
role-taking
reproducing the behavior of another individual
theory of mind
ability to sense how another’s mind works
looking-glass self
reaction to how others perceive us
describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
Reference group
the group in which we compare ourselves too
Personality
describes the set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characterics of an infividual
Sigmund Freud study of personality
3 major entities: the id, ego, superego
id
consist of all the basic, primal and inborn urges to survive and reproduce
according to the pleasure principle
pleasure principle
aim is to achieve immediate gratifaction to relieve any pent-up tension
Primary process (id)
is the ids response to frustration- obtain satisfacton now, not later
Wish fulfillmetn
mental imagery that fulfils this need for satisfaction
ego
operates according to the reality principle
taking into accound objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id
responable for moderating the desires of the superego
reality principle
which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways
this is the part of you that wants stuff NOW
id
this is the perfect angel version of yourself
Super ego
everyday devsiion making you
ego
iceberg
- id
- ego
- superego
- conscious
- unconscious
above water is conscious
below water is unconscious
- id is completely below
- ego and superego are half and half
Freud states our access to the id, ego, and superego falls into 3 main categories
preconscious-not aware
unconscious - repressed thoughts
conscious - access thought
Repression
Unconciously removing an idea or feeling from conciousness
Suppression
Conciously removing an idea or feeling form conciousness
Regression
Returning to an earlier stage of development
Reaction formation
An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite
Projection
Attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else
Rationalization
Justifacation of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
Displacement
changing the target of an emotion while the feelings remain the same
Sublimation
Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction
Jung
assumed a collective unconcious that links all humans together
personalitity as being influence by archetypes
archetypes
images and themes that derive from the collective unconscious
Jungian- Persona
the aspect of our personility we present to the world
Jungian- Anima
a “man’s inner woman”
Jungian- Animus
a “woman’s inner man”
Jungian- Shadow
unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
Jungs 3 dichotomies of personality
Extraversion vs introversion, Sensing vs intuiting, Thinking vs feeling
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
classic personaility test
Creative self
force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personaility
Style of life
represents the manifestation of he creative self
Humanistic theory
people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better
5 Traits of personality
Openess, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
actualizing tendency
innate drive to maintain and enhance oneself
Type theory
attempt to create a taxonomy of personaliity types
Social Cognitive Theory
theory of behaviour change that emphasizes interactions between people and their environment
Eysenck’s three major traits
PEN
pyscoticism
extraversion
neuroticsm
neuroticism
arousal in stressful situations
extraversion
tolerance fro social interactions and stimulation
psychoticism
nonconformity
Allport identified three basic types of traits
cardinal, central, secondary
cardinal traits
traits around which a person organizes his or her life
central traits
represents major characteristics of the personality
secondary traits
more personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence
