CHAPTER 11 Flashcards
sociology
study of society
macrosociology
focuses on large groups and social structure
microsociology
focuses on small groups and the individual
social structure
system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships
Functionalism
study of the structure and function of each part of society
function
beneficial consequences of peoples actions
dysfunction
harmful consequences of people’s actions as they undermine a social system equilibrium
manifest function
action is intended to help some part of a system
latent functions
manifest functions that have unintended positive consequences on other parts of society
Conflict theory
based on the works of karl marx
focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order
symbolic interactionism
study of the ways individuals interact thorugh a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols
social constructionism
focuses on individuals putting together their social reality
Rational choice theory
focuses on decision making in an individual and attempts to reduce their process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual
Exchange theory
a sociological theory that focuses on interpersonal interactions. According to Exchange theory, a person is motivated by self-interest in their interpersonal interactions
Feminist theory
attempts to explain the social inequilities that exist on the basis of gender
focuses on the subordination of women through social structures
gender roles
refer to the behaviors expected of a given gender
glass ceiling
qualified person whishing to advance within the hierarchy of his/her organization is stopped at a lower level due to a discrimination most often based on sexism or racism
social institutions
well established social structure that dictate certain patterns of behavior or raltaionship
divorce rates in US
rose over second half of 20th century
hidden curriculum
infromation from school that involves tramiting social normas, attitudes, and beliefs to students
Religion
a pattern of social activities organized around a set of beliefs and practices
Religiosity
how religious one considers oneself
democracy
allows every citizen a political voice
monarchies
royal ruler although the rulers power may be significantly limited
dictatorship
a single person holds power
theocracy
a system where power is held by religious leader
charismatic authority
a leader with a compelling personality
Capitalist
focus on free markey trade
four key tenets of medical ethics
Beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice
Beneficence
act in patients best intrest
nonmaleficence
do no harm, the physician has a responsibility to avoid treatment in which harm outweighs benefit
autonomy
respect patients decision and choices
justice
treat every patient the same
material culture
meaning of objects in society
symbolic culture
ideas that represent a group of people
culture lag
symoblic culture slower than material culture
values
what a person deems important in life
belief
something a person accepts to be truth
cultural barriers
when a cultual difference impedes interaction with others
norms
are societal rules that define the boundarier of acceptable behavior
ritual
formized ceremony that usally invovles specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behavior
Demographics
refers to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology
Ageism
prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age
Racialization
refers to the defination or estabilist of a group as a particular race
Racial formation theory
race is a socially constructed concept with no basis in actual genetic or biological differences
Ethnicity
social construct which sorts people by cultural factors
Symbolic ethnicity
a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important even when an ethnic identity does not play a signific role in everyday life
Sexual Orientation
defined as the direction of one’s secual interest
demographic shifts
changes in makeup of a population over time
population pyramids
histogram of populatiton size for different ages
Fertility rate
average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population
Mortality rates
dealths per 1000 people per year
Migration rate
immigration rate - emmegration rate
birth rate
children per 1000 people per year
immigraiton
movement to new geo space
emigration
movement away from geo space
Demographic tranition
changes in birth and death rates as it develops to the industrial economic system
Malthusian theory
how exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder
Social movements
organized either to promote or resist social change
proactive Social movements
promote
reactive Social movements
resist
Globalization
process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets
Urbanization
dense areas of the population, creating a pull for migration
