CHAPTER 10 Flashcards
self disclosure
sharing one’s fears, thoughts and goals
Reciprocal liking
people like others better when they believe the other person likes them
proximity
physically close to someone
mere exposure effect
familiarity effect
people who prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
Aggresopm
behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
Higher testosterone affect on aggresion
increased
cognitive neoassociaation model
states that we are more liekly to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions
Attachment
emootional bond between the caregiver and child
Secure attachment
child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, since he has a secure base to return to
avoidant attachemnt
caregiver has little to no repsonse to a distressed child
little or no distress when caregiver leaves
Ambivalent attachment
cargiver has an inconsistant response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully
child is unable to form a secure base as she cannot rely on the givers response
Disorganized attachment
shoe no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregivers abense or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behavior
Social support
is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
Emotional support
listening, addirming, and empathizing with someones feelings
Esteem support
touches more directly on affirming the qualities and skills of a person
Material support
type of financial or material contribution to another person
Infromational support
providing information that will help someone
Network support
type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging
foraging
seeking out and eating food , biological, psychological, and social influences
Hunger is controlled by the
hypothalamus
Mating system
organization of a group’s sexual behavior
Monogamy
exclusive mating relationship
polygamy
involves a relationships with multiple people
Polygandry
female having exclusive relationships with multiple males
Polygyny
exlusive relationships with mutiple females
Mate choice
selection of a mate based on attraction
Mate bias
refers to how choosy memebers of the species are while choosing a mate
Direct benefits mate bias
providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support
advantages to the mate
Indirect benefits mate bias
advantages to offspring
promoting better survival in offspring
Phenotypic benefits
obserbale traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex
Sensory bias
development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
Fisherian or runaway selection
a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time
Indicator traits
traits that signify overall good health and well being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates
Indicator traits
traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates
Genetic compatibility
the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics
Altruism
form of helping behaviour in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost
Empathy
ability to vicariously experience the emotion of another
empthay-altruism hypothesis
relationship between empthay and helping behavior
Game theory
attempts to explain decision-making behavior
game payoffs refer to fitness
Game theory:
the donor provides benefits to the recipient at a cost to him - or herself
altruism
Game theory:
both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
cooperation
both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
spite
the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted
selfishness
inclusive fitness
the measure of an organism’s success in the population
success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others
Social perception
provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people
three primary components of social perception
the perceiver, the target, and the situation
Impression bias
impression bias refers to a limitation of human information processing in which people
primacy effect
idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions
recency effect
most recent inofrmation we have on an person is most important
reliance on central traits
individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver
implicit personality theory
set of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related
stereotyping
making assumptions about people based on the category in which they are placed
Halo effect
cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual
just-world hypothesis
good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people
self serving bias
refers to the fact that individuals will view their own success based on internal failures and viewing failures based on external factors
self-enhancement
focuses on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of success and external attributions of failures
attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other peoples behavior
Disposition attributions
INTERNAL are those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered
Situational attributions
EXTERNAL are those that relate to features of the surrounding, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure
Consistency cues
has consistent behaviour over time
Consensus cues
matches other’s behaviour
Distinctiveness cues
uses similar behaviour in similar situations
correspondent inference theory
takes this concepts one step further by focusing on the intentionality of others behavior
Fundamental attribution error
posists that we are generally biased towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attribtions especially in negative contexts
assuming someone didn’t do something because they are lazy (dispositional attribtiion) rather than sickness (situational attribution)
Actor-observer bias
results from the self-serving bias by the actor
and the fundamental attribution error by the observer
due to our unique knowledge about our own actions, we are more likely to make situational attribution for the self as compared to others
attribute substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic
Stereotypes
cognitive
Prejudice
affective
discrimination
behavioural
stereotype content model
attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in group using two dimensions: warmth and competence
Paternalistic stereotype
low status, not competitive
Admiration stereotype
high status, not competitive
Contemptuous stereotype
low status, competitive
Envious stereotype
high status, competitive
Self-fulfilling prophecy
unique phenomenon in which a prediction or expectation comes true simply because the person believes it will and they (consciously or subconsciously) align their actions to make it come true.
Stereotype threat
concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group
Propaganda
the common way by which a large organization and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others
power
refers to the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstancles
prestige
level of respect show to a person by others
class
refers to socioeconomic status
Ethnocentrism
refers to the practive of making judgements about others cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture
in group
a social group that a person identifies with
outgroup
refers to a social group that a person does not identify with
cultural relativism
the perception of another culture as different from one’s own but with the recognition that the cultural value and rules fit into that culture itself
Individual discrimination
one person’s discrimination against a person or group
institutional discrimination
entire institution discrimination against a person or group
game theory study
deicison-making behavior
